Functional Neuroanatomy Knowt 1

Are dorsal/ventral classifications the same as superior/inferior?

Not necessarily. If you’re referring to the BRAIN, yes dorsal/ventral are the same as superior and inferior. But if you’re referring to the spinal chord, dorsal is posterior and ventral is anterior.

Now how would you describe the rostral/caudal classifcations?

In a human brain, rostral is towards the front and caudal to the back. In relation to the spinal chord, rostral is up the spine and caudal is down the spine.

What is a classifcation that is the same was ventral/dorsal and what is one that is the same as rostral/caudal?

Inferior/Superior: Ventral/Dorsal, Anterior/Posterior: Rostral/Caudal

What is this view of the brain?

Coronal

What is this view of the brain?

Saggital

What is this view of the brain?

Transverse or axial

What are slices called that are not parallel to an orthogonal plane?

Oblique, neither coronal nor axial.

What are the ridges on the surface of the cerebrum and cerebellum?

gyrus

What are the grooves on the surface of the cerebrum?

Sulci, deep grooves are fissures.

What is Gray matter?

Generic term for neurons in the CNS

What is the Ganglion?

Collection of neuron cell bodies in the PNS

What is a substantia?

Less distinct borders of cell bodies than nuclei

What is Locus?

Small but well-defined mass of neuron cell bodies (Smaller than a nucleus)

First, what is this? Second, label each number.

This is a nerve. 1) Spinal nerve 2) Epineurium 3) Axon 4) Fasciculus 5) Perineurium 6) Endoneurium 7) Blood vessels

What is a chiasm?

An x shaped crossing of nerve fibers between the cerebral hemispheres

What is a commissure?

A group of nerve fibers crossing the sagittal plane without forming a cross shape

What is neural induction?

Commitment of ectodermal tissue to neural tissue

What is neurulation?

The process of neural tube formation

What are the 4 major vesicles that arise from the neural tube by the 3rd week?

Prosencephalon, Mesencephalon, Rhombencephalon, Spinal chord

By the 5th week, what changes with the 4 major vesicles?

Mesencephalon and spinal chord stay the same. Prosencephalon splits between Telencephalon and Diencephalon, while Rhombencephalon splits between Metencephalon and Myelencephalon.

What does the ectoderm give rise to?

Skin and neural tissues arise from the ectoderm after receiving signals provided by the mesoderm. A number of molecules interact to determine whether the ectoderm becomes neural tissue or develops in another way to become skin.

Describe the first appearance of neural areas

Budding of neural areas occurs in the rostral part of the neural tube which will eventually become the brain, regions called neuromeres. Occurs by 4 weeks.

What are the 8 phases of embryonic and fetal development at the cellular level?

1) Mitosis/Proliferation - creation of new cells 2) Migration - cells move to new areas 3) Differentiation - specialization of cell type 4) Aggregation - cluster together with like cell types 5) Synaptogenesis - create new synapses 6) Neuron death - “pruning” of unsuccessful nerve cells 7) Synapse rearrangement - modifying synapses 8) Myelination - formation of myelin sheath around axons

1) Neural plate 2) Neural Groove 3) Neural Crest 4) Neural Tube 5) Ectoderm 6) Gastrula

Is it fair to say that all cells that underwent neuralation also underwent neural induction?

Ja

What are the prosenphealon, diencephalon, and mesencephalon examples of?

Neuromeres