HART 2302 Exam 1 Review: Art and the Market in Europe, 1400–1700

Vocabulary practice flashcards for Exam 1 of HART 2302 Art and the Market in Europe, 1400–1700, covering Renaissance workshop structures, technical terminology, primary source treatises, and slide identifications from Neri di Bicci through Leonardo da Vinci.

Bottega

An Italian Renaissance master's workshop that operated as a collaborative commercial enterprise for training apprentices, manufacturing artworks, and fulfilling client commissions.

Ultramarine Blue

A costly, prized blue pigment made from ground lapis lazuli, often stipulated in Renaissance contracts for painting prestigious elements such as the mantle of the Virgin Mary.

Gold Leaf

An extremely thin sheet of gold derived from hammered gold coins, applied to panel paintings and altarpiece frames to create luminous gilded backgrounds and ornaments.

Triptych

A three-paneled altarpiece or artwork, typically consisting of a central panel flanked by two hinged side wings.

Polyptych

A multi-paneled altarpiece or painting made up of more than three interconnected compartments or panels.

Predella

The raised platform or horizontal base running along the bottom of an altarpiece, often painted with a narrative cycle of small supplementary scenes.

Iconography

The visual imagery, symbolic motifs, and subject matter depicted in a work of art, as well as the study and interpretation of their meanings.

Desco da Parto

A painted wooden birth tray given to mothers upon childbirth in Renaissance Italy, usually decorated with celebratory or domestic themes.

Tondo

A circular format painting or sculptural relief popular in fifteenth-century Italian Renaissance art.

Contrapposto

A classical posing technique where a figure rests their weight primarily on one leg, creating a counter-balancing shift in the alignment of shoulders, hips, and limbs.

One-Point Perspective

A mathematical system of spatial projection in which orthogonals converge toward a single vanishing point on the horizon line, creating the illusion of three-dimensional depth on a flat surface.

Atmospheric Perspective

A pictorial technique of rendering distant landscape elements paler, less distinct, and bluer to mimic the visual effects of atmosphere and distance.

Sfumato

A painting method associated with Leonardo da Vinci characterized by delicate, smokelike transitions between colors and tones without perceptible edges or harsh lines.

Chiaroscuro

The deliberate interplay and contrast of light and dark modeling in a painting or drawing to define three-dimensional sculptural forms.

Le Ricordanze (1453–1475)

The workshop account book and diary maintained by the Florentine painter Neri di Bicci, recording business operations, workshop assistants, prices, and daily commissions.

The Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects (1550, 1568)

A seminal biographical work by Giorgio Vasari documenting the lives, stylistic developments, and works of Italian Renaissance artists.

Raphael in the Workshop of Perugino

A modern painting depicting an Italian Renaissance master's workshop (bottega), demonstrating the collaborative production, apprentices, and studio environment under Pietro Perugino.

Neri di Bicci

A Florentine painter active ca. 1460–1470 and the youngest artist of a three-generation family workshop, son of Bicci di Lorenzo and author of the workshop ledger Le Ricordanze.

The Annunciation to the Virgin Mary (Neri di Bicci)

A panel painting dating ca. 1460–1470 by Neri di Bicci showing the Angel Gabriel and the Virgin Mary with Saints Jerome and Francis, and the prophets Isaiah and David inscribed with their names.

The Annunciation to the Virgin Mary (Bicci di Lorenzo)

An Annunciation altarpiece with a predella painted ca. 1430 by Bicci di Lorenzo, the father of Neri di Bicci.

Tobias and Three Archangels (The Palla Altarpiece)

A panel painting dating ca. 1460–1470 produced in Florence by Neri di Bicci.

Fra Angelico

A Dominican friar and painter with a workshop in Florence whose works date ca. 1440–1450, widely celebrated for decorating the Monastery of San Marco.

Monastery of San Marco, Florence

A Dominican monastery in Florence dedicated to medieval St. Dominic, renovated under the patronage of Cosimo de’Medici and decorated by Fra Angelico.

Bronze Medal of Cosimo de’Medici as Pater Patriae

A commemorative portrait medal located in Washington, D.C., portraying Cosimo de’Medici bearing the honorary Latin title Pater Patriae (Father of the Country).

The San Marco Altarpiece

An altarpiece painted ca. 1440–1450 by Fra Angelico for the Monastery of San Marco in Florence, depicting patron saints specifically chosen for the Medici family, St. Mark, and Florence.

St. Dominic with the Crucifix in the Cloister

A communal area fresco painted ca. 1440–1450 by Fra Angelico in the cloister of the Monastery of San Marco, Florence, portraying St. Dominic kneeling at the base of Christ's cross.

Cosimo de’Medici’s Double Cell

A reserved double cell at the Monastery of San Marco in Florence used by Cosimo de’Medici for personal contemplation, decorated with Fra Angelico's Adoration of the Magi lunette fresco.

The Adoration of the Magi Tondo (Fra Angelico)

A circular panel painting dating ca. 1440–1450 executed by Fra Angelico, representing a Medici commission likely ordered by Cosimo de’Medici.

The Adoration of the Magi (Sandro Botticelli)

A ca. 1470–1480 altarpiece painted for patron Guasparre dal Lama of the Company of the Magi, featuring portraits of Cosimo de’Medici, his sons and grandsons (including Lorenzo the Magnificent), and Botticelli himself.

The Madonna and Child with Eight Angels (The 'Berlin Tondo')

A circular devotional painting dating ca. 1470–1480 painted by Sandro Botticelli in Florence.

Portrait of a Man Holding a Medal of Cosimo de’Medici

A ca. 1470–1480 portrait by Sandro Botticelli likely representing Lorenzo di Pierfrancesco de’Medici ('Cousin Lorenzo'), holding a gilded relief medal of Cosimo de’Medici.

The Madonna of the Magnificat

A circular painting (tondo) created ca. 1480–1490 by Sandro Botticelli in Florence, depicting the Virgin Mary writing the Magnificat canticle.

The Madonna and Child with a Pomegranate

A panel painting dating ca. 1480–1490 by Sandro Botticelli showing the Virgin Mary holding the Christ Child who grasps a split pomegranate symbolizing the Passion.

Venus and Mars

A ca. 1480–1490 panel painting by Sandro Botticelli likely commissioned for the Vespucci family in Florence, depicting Mars asleep while satyrs play with his armor alongside an alert Venus.

The Birth of Venus

A ca. 1480–1490 mythological masterpiece by Sandro Botticelli, likely executed as a Medici family picture for Lorenzo di Pierfrancesco de’Medici ('Cousin Lorenzo').

Girolamo Savonarola

A Dominican friar and fiery reformer in Florence whose preaching against secular vanity deeply affected Botticelli's late emotional and spiritual style during the 1490–1500 decade.

The 'Mystic Crucifixion'

A late religious painting by Sandro Botticelli dating ca. 1490–1500, marked by apocalyptic symbolism and religious intensity tied to the preachings of Savonarola.

The Virgin and Child (Botticelli and Workshop)

A ca. 1490–1500 devotional composition produced by Sandro Botticelli and his workshop, surviving in versions at Harvard, Yale, and sold recently at auction.

The Adoration of the Magi (Pietro Perugino)

A panel painting dating ca. 1470–1480 by Pietro Perugino, likely commissioned for the Baglioni family in Perugia.

Pope Sixtus IV (Francesco della Rovere)

The Pope who commissioned Pietro Perugino and other artists ca. 1480 to paint the side walls and altarpiece of the Sistine Chapel at the Vatican in Rome.

The Baptism of Christ (Pietro Perugino)

A Sistine Chapel wall fresco painted ca. 1480 by Pietro Perugino in the Vatican, Rome, under the patronage of Pope Sixtus IV.

Christ Giving the Keys to St. Peter

A Sistine Chapel fresco painted ca. 1480 by Pietro Perugino exemplifying one-point perspective, atmospheric perspective, contrapposto, and chiaroscuro.

The Vision of St. Bernard with Angels and Saints

A devotional altarpiece painted in Florence ca. 1490–1500 by Pietro Perugino.

Portrait of Francesco delle Opere

A ca. 1490–1500 portrait painted in Florence by Pietro Perugino, depicting a man holding a scroll inscribed 'TIMETE DEUM' against a landscape.

Pala dei Decemviri

An altarpiece painted ca. 1490–1500 by Pietro Perugino for the chapel of the Palazzo dei Priori in Perugia, representing Perugia's city patron saints.

San Pietro Polyptych

A major polyptych painted ca. 1490–1500 by Pietro Perugino for Basilica San Pietro in Perugia, featuring a central panel that represents the Ascension of Christ.

The Marriage of the Virgin

A subject painted by Pietro Perugino ca. 1490–1500 and subsequently reinterpreted by his student Raphael Santi, illustrating the transfer and refinement of spatial design between master and pupil.

Leonardeschi

The circle of Milanese followers, pupils, and workshop collaborators of Leonardo da Vinci active ca. 1480–1520 who emulated his sfumato, lighting, and facial typologies.

The Madonna of the Rocks

A ca. 1480 altarpiece by Leonardo da Vinci demonstrating his mastery of atmospheric landscape, pyramid composition, chiaroscuro, and sfumato.

The Mona Lisa

A half-length portrait painted ca. 1500 by Leonardo da Vinci celebrated for its subtle sfumato modeling, enigmatic expression, and aerial landscape background.

Salvator Mundi

A ca. 1500 devotional painting attributed to Leonardo da Vinci and his workshop depicting Christ holding a crystalline orb while offering a benediction.

Christ Among the Doctors

A ca. 1520 painting by the Milanese Leonardesco artist Bernardino Luini showing the youthful Christ disputing with elder Jewish scholars.

Giovanni Boltraffio

A prominent Milanese associate and pupil in Leonardo da Vinci's workshop around 1500, associated with the Portrait of a Youth and The Madonna Litta.