Chapter 32 Bio 191

anatomy

The structure of an organism

physiology

The processes and functions of an organism

tissue

An integrated group of cells with a common structure, function, or both

organ

A specialized center of body function composed of several different types of tissues

organ system

A group of organs that work together in performing vital body functions

epithelial tissue

Sheets of tightly packed cells that line organs and body cavities as well as external surfaces; also called epithelium

connective tissue

Animal tissue that functions mainly to bind and support other tissues, having a sparse population of cells scattered through an extracellular matrix

muscle tissue

Tissue consisting of long muscle cells that can contract, either on its own or when stimulated by nerve impulses

nervous tissue

Tissue made up of neurons and supportive cells

neurons

A nerve cell; the fundamental unit of the nervous system, having structure and properties that allow it to conduct signals by taking advantage of the electrical charge across its plasma membrane

stimulus

In feedback regulation, a fluctuation in a variable that triggers a response

response

(1) In cellular communication, the change in a specific cellular activity brought about by a transduced signal from outside the cell. (2) In feedback regulation, a physiological activity triggered by a change in a variable

endocrine system

The internal system of communication involving hormones, ductless glands, and molecular receptors on or in target cells that respond to hormones; functions with the nervous system to regulate internal conditions and maintain homeostasis

nervous system

The fast

hormones

Secreted chemicals produced by specialized cells that travel through body fluids and act on specific target cells in other parts of the body, changing their functioning; important in long

endocrine glands

Glands that secrete hormones directly into the interstitial fluid, from which they diffuse into the bloodstream

exocrine glands

Glands that secrete substances through a duct onto a body surface or into a body cavity

hypothalamus

The ventral part of the vertebrate forebrain; maintains homeostasis by coordinating the endocrine and nervous systems and regulating the pituitary gland

negative feedback

A form of regulation in which an end product slows the process; in physiology, a mechanism of homeostasis where a response counteracts the initial change

positive feedback

A form of regulation in which an end product speeds up the process; a control mechanism where a response reinforces or amplifies the initial change

regulator

An animal whose homeostatic mechanisms moderate internal changes in a particular variable despite external fluctuations

conformer

An animal whose internal condition changes in accordance with changes in an environmental variable

interstitial fluid

The fluid filling the spaces between cells in most animals

homeostasis

The steady

set point

A value maintained for a particular variable during homeostasis, such as body temperature or solute concentration

sensor

In homeostasis, a receptor that detects a stimulus

control center

The component of a feedback system that compares sensor inputs with the set point and adjusts an effector to bring the variable closer to the set point

effector

(1) A pathogen

thermoregulation

The maintenance of internal body temperature within a tolerable range

endothermic

Referring to organisms that are warmed by heat generated by their own metabolism, usually maintaining a relatively stable body temperature higher than the external environment

ectothermic

Referring to organisms that rely primarily on external sources of heat for temperature regulation

gradient

A difference in a particular quality between two regions, such as concentration, electrical charge, temperature, or pressure

countercurrent exchange

The exchange of a substance or heat between two fluids flowing in opposite directions, maximizing the efficiency of exchange

osmoregulation

The regulation of solute concentrations and water balance by a cell or organism

excretion

The disposal of nitrogen

osmolarity

Solute concentration expressed as molarity

osmoconformer

An animal that is isoosmotic with its environment

osmoregulator

An animal that controls its internal osmolarity independently of the external environment

ammonia

A small, toxic molecule (NH₃) produced through nitrogen fixation or as a metabolic waste product of protein and nucleic acid metabolism

urea

A soluble nitrogenous waste produced in the liver through a metabolic cycle that combines ammonia with carbon dioxide

uric acid

A relatively nontoxic, largely insoluble product of protein and purine metabolism; the major nitrogenous waste product of insects, land snails, and many reptiles, including birds

filtration

In excretory systems, the extraction of water and small solutes, including metabolic wastes, from body fluid

filtrate

Cell

reabsorption

In excretory systems, the recovery of solutes and water from filtrate

secretion

(1) The discharge of molecules synthesized by a cell. (2) The discharge of wastes from body fluid into the filtrate

kidney

In vertebrates, one of a pair of excretory organs where blood filtrate is formed and processed into urin

Identify 5 levels of organization within the animal body

cells, tissues, organ, organ systems

Define 4 major categories of animal tissue- provide definitions and examples for each

Epithelial: outer layer, acts as a barrier, is polarized

Connective: consists of cells throughout cellular matrix, forms webs of fibers embedded of liquid, holds skin, organs, adipose, and blood

Muscle: skeletal, cardiac, and smooth, contain actin and myosin for contraction

Nervous: send impulses and signaling transmissions

Describe the overview of coordination and control

Describe, compare, and contrast the two major systems for coordinating and controlling responses: endocrine system and nervous system

Define and provide examples of negative and positive feedback regulation

Define and compare differences of simple and neuroendocrine signaling

Define and compare hormones that are water-soluble vs lipid-soluble

Define and give examples of regulators and conformers

Define thermoregulation, endothermic, and ectothermic

Describe 3 circulatory adaptations for thermoregulation

Define osmoregulation and its importance

Define excretion

Understand and give example of osmoregulators and osmoconformers

Name the 4 steps and the order of the excretory process