Comprehensive Biology Review: Phylogenetics, Virology, Prokaryotes, Eukaryotes, Fungi, Animal & Plant Diversity, and Endocrine System

Fill-in-the-blank practice flashcards generated from Lectures 1 through 10 covering phylogenetics, virology, microbiology, mycology, zoology, botany, and physiological signaling.

In hierarchical taxonomic classification, __________ is considered the basic level of organization.

species

Character states that are similar because they were inherited from a common ancestor are described as __________.

homologous

The divergence of two evolutionary lineages from a common ancestor on a phylogenetic tree is represented by a __________ point.

branch

Viruses range in size from $20\,nm$ to __________.

$$300\,nm$$

Bacteriophages that replicate solely through the lytic cycle and destroy the host cell upon release are known as __________ phages.

virulent

The cell wall of Domain Bacteria contains __________, which is a polymer of polypeptides and sugars.

peptidoglycan

Gram-negative bacteria stain pink because they possess a __________ peptidoglycan layer that fails to trap crystal violet.

thin

The process of genetic recombination in which a prokaryotic cell takes up foreign DNA from its environment is called __________.

transformation

The Shared Derived Character (SDC) defining Supergroup Archaeplastida is a chloroplast derived from primary endosymbiosis of a __________.

cyanobacterium

Supergroup SAR is characterized by possessing a secondary plastid derived from __________.

red algae

Fungal cell walls are reinforced with __________, an N-containing polysaccharide that provides strength and durability.

chitin

During fungal sexual reproduction, the fusion of cytoplasm from two mycelia without the immediate fusion of their nuclei is known as __________.

plasmogamy

Phylum Chytridiomycota is unique among fungi because it produces flagellated spores called __________.

zoospores

All animals (Kingdom Metazoa) are characterized by an extracellular matrix composed of __________.

collagen

In protostome development, embryonic cleavage is spiral and __________.

determinate

In deuterostome development, the embryonic blastopore eventually forms the __________.

anus

Specialized cells located on the tentacles of cnidarians used for prey capture and defense are called __________.

cnidocytes

Members of the Ecdysozoa clade share the derived character of __________, which is the periodic shedding of an exoskeleton or cuticle during growth.

ecdysis

The four shared derived characters of Chordates include a notochord, a dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal gill slits, and a __________.

muscular, post-anal tail

Mammals that lay eggs rather than bearing live young are known as __________.

monotremes

In the plant lifecycle diagram shown below, the multicellular haploid stage that produces gametes via mitosis is called the __________.

gametophyte

In vascular plants, water and minerals are transported upward from roots through __________ tissue.

xylem

In angiosperm double fertilization, one sperm fertilizes the egg to form a $2n$ zygote, while the second sperm fuses with two polar nuclei to form a __________ endosperm.

$$3n$$

In a __________ feedback mechanism, the physiological response amplifies the original stimulus.

positive

In water-soluble hormone pathways, cyclic AMP ($\text{cAMP}$) functions as a __________ messenger to activate intracellular protein kinases.

second