Chapter 3 earth science vocab

Rock

a solid made of minerals or mineral-like materials

Rock cycle

A model that describes the ways in which rock change from one type to another

Magma

molten rock beneath Earth’s surface including any dissolved gases and crystals

Lava

magma that reaches Earth’s surface

Igneous rock

a rock formed from cooled magma or lava

Weathering

any process that breaks down rock

Sediment

loose particles created by the weathering of rock

Sedimentary rock

rock formed from layers of weathered, eroded, and deposited sediment

Metamorphic rock

rock formed by the altrtation of pre-existing rock by heart, pressure, and/or fluids

Intrusive ingneous rock

igneous rock that formed below Earth’s surface

Extrusive igneous rock

igneous rock that has fromed on Earth’s surface

Texture

the size or shape and arrangement of a rock’s component parts

Granitic composition

igenous rocks that centain between 10% and 25% dark silicate minerals; sometimes called felsic rocks

Basaltic composition

igneous rocks that contain at least 45% dark silicate minerals; sometimes called mafic rocks

Andesitic composition

The composition of igneous rocks lying between granitic and basaltic

Erosion

the incorporation and transportation of material by a mobile agent, such as water, or ice.

Deposition

the process by which an agent of erosion loses energy and drops the sediment it is carrying; also the process by which water vapor is changed directly to a solid without passing through the liquid state.

Compaction

process by which sediments are squeezed together by weight of overlying materials driving out water.

Cementation

soildification of sediments by the deposition of dissolved minerals in the tiny spaces between the sedimentsry particals

Clastic sedimentary rock

a sedimentary rock made of fragments of pre-existing rock

Chemical sedimentary rock

sedimentary rock consisting of dissolved sediments that precipitate directly from water

Biochemical sedimentary rock

sedimentary rock consisting of sediments that come from biological processes;sometimes called organic sedimentary rocks

Metamorphism

the changes in mineral composition and texture of a rock subject to high temperature and pressure within Earth.

Contract metamorphism

loclized changes in rock caused by the heart from a nearby magma body

Regional metamorphism

metamorphism associated with large-scale mountain-building processes

Hydrothermal solution

the hot, watery solution that escapes from a mass of magma that may alter the surrounding rock

Foliated metamorphic rock

metamorphic rock with minerals oriented prependicular to the direction of greatest exerted pressure, giving it layered texture.

Nonfoliated metamorphic rock

metamorphic rock that does not exhitbit a banded or layered appearance