biol 160 chapter 3

Carbon why is it special?

Carbon can form up to 4 covalent bonds, carbon forms the basis of all living things on earth

Isomer?

Compounds with the same chemical formula but different structure arrangements

Macromolecules

Large molecules in living organisms also known as biomolecules

What are the 4 classes of macromolecules/biomolecules

Proteins,carbs,lipids,nucleuic acids

Monomer

Small molecules/sub unit

Polymer?

Large molecule/series of monomers

Two chemical reactions

Dehydration synthesis- building up monomers. Definition- remove water molecules to combine sub units (monomers) and build a polymer

Hydrolysis- breaking down polymers. Definition- a water molecule to split a polymer up into sub units (monomers)

Polymers 4 types and what the monomers are?

Proteins- formed from different combinations of 20 amino acids(monomer)

Nucleucic acids- formed from 4 kinds of nucleotide monomers

Carbohydrates-formed by linking similar sugar monomers (monosaccharides) to form polysaccharides

Lipids-do not mix with water nonpolar

Shape/ structure = what in biology?

Function

Functional groups definition and groups

Function groups affect a molecules function by participating in chemical reactions.

Groups- hydroxl group (OH)

Carbonyl group (C=O)

Carboxl group (COOH)

Amino group (NH2)

Phosphate group (OPO3²^-)

Methyl group (CH3)

All but methyl group are hydrophillic

Carbohydrates

1. Source of stored energy

2. Structural molecules give many organisms like plants their shape

3. Carbon, hydrogen,oxygen always in a 1:2:1 ratio

4. Monomer is monosaccharides ex glucose, fructose

5. Polymer is polysaccharides ex starch, glycogen,cellulose

6. When building up with dehydration synthesis the covalent bond is nicknamed glycosidic linkage

Types of polymers for carbohydrates

Glycogen- energy storage for animals

Starch- energy storage polysaccharide of plants

Cellulose- Structural polysaccharide of plant cell walls also the most abundant organic compound on earth

Chitin- Structural polysaccharide used by insects and crustaceans to build exoskeleton

Carbohydrate structure review how to spot carbohydrates?

Always gonna be made up of ch2o. Can be a straight line or ring structure.

If you find the corners unmarked its carbon and it need 4 covalent bonds if all four are not there it can be drawn in as a bond to hydrogen.

Proteins

Many cellular structures rely on protein. Protein diverse functions are due to diverse structure. Main three functions we are gonna be looking at is structure, enzymes and transport.

Made up of C.H.O.N and sometimes S.

Monomers- amino acids (20 different types)

Will always have N and often S but never P

Structure of a protein

All amino acids have a carbon in the middle (alpha carbon) then connects to a hydrogen on one covalent bond. Then one bond to a amino group. Then one to a carboxyl group then the last one to a r group( side chain)

R group (sidechain)

R group/ side chain determines the function of an amino acid.

They go in three groups

Polar- hydrophillic

Nonpolar- hydrophobic

Charged- full of charges

Amino acid

Each amino acid has there own r group.

Can be joined together through dehydration synthesis to make peptides

The peptide bond is the nickname for the covalent bond.

Protein folding

The sequence of amino acids determines the a proteins 3d structure.

Proteins structure determines function

What are the 4 levels of a protein structure

Primary

Secondary

Tertiary

Quaternary

Primary structure in proteins

Primary is the snake looking chain held together by covalent bonds often called peptide bonds

Secondary structure in proteins

Hydrogen bonds hold together protein in secondary structures

Tertiary structure in protein

R group interactions that form tertiary structures

Quaternary structure in protein

Sickle cell disease- a blood disorder due to a mutation in the protein hemoglobin

If cells fail or mutate it causes human diseases

What is denaturation?

When a protein loses its native shape. Can be caused by ph, tempature, salt concentration or other environmental factors

Is a denatured protein functional?

No

What is the main function of Nucleucic acids?

To store genetic information

What are the two types of nucleuc acids?

DNA and RNA both share the same function of storing genetic information

Nucleucic acid

Momomer- nucleotide

Polymer- DNA or RNA

Nucleotide? What are the three parts

Nucleotide is the monomer for Nucleucic acids

3 parts

1. Sugar (5 carbon)

2. Phosphate

3. Nitrogenus base A,G,T,C,U

What from the nucleotide decides If its polymer will be DNA or RNA?

The sugar (5 carbon) if its dexyribose it will be DNA. If its Ribose it will be RNA

Nitrogenus bases? What are the two groups?

Primidines- C,U,T

Purines- A,G

What can help you from seeing the structure determine if its DNA or RNA

If you look at the sugar group if the second carbon is attached to an OH its ribose in RNA. If the O is gone its deoxyribose in DNA

What in the Nitrogenus base can tell you if its DNA or rna?

Both DNA and RNA have A,G,C. But the T will be in DNA and the U will be in RNA

How many strands does DNA and RNA typically have?

DNA is typically double stranded

RNA is typically single stranded

Building DNA

Sugars are the backbone the structure

Nitrogenus groups are the coding where info is stored

Polarity determines directions of strands the Phosphate group (5’ end) the hydroxl group (3’ end). Always go in different directions

What are the hydrogen bonds that hold dna together?

A hydrogen bonds to T. And C hydrogen bonds to G

Watson and cricks dna model.

Purines always pair with primidines

A---T -two hydrogen bonds

C‐--G - 3 hydrogen bonds

Nucleucic acid structure

Always contains P and N never S

Look at the second carbon to determine dna/rna

Lipids main functions?

Energy storage C-C bonds C-H bonds

Plasma membrane play a structural role in cell membranes

insulation for animals- fat

Do lipids have a momomer?

No

Lipids

Made up of CHO and sometimes P

Defined by its hydrophobicity

Examples of lipids fats, phosolipids, steroids

Fats

Saturated fat vs unsaturated fats

Phospolipids

What is ampipathic?

Phospolipids are ampipathic because the head is hydrophillic and the tail is hydrophobic

What allows a phosolibid bilayer?

Because phosolipids are ampipathic the tails come together to avoid the water while the head goes to the water making a bilayer