Cognitive & Perceptual defaults

cognition

-“process of knowing”

-awareness, reasoning, judgment, intuition, memory

Executive function

-higher cognitive functions

-planning, manipulating info, initiating and ending activities, recognizing errors, problem solving, judgment & abstract thinking

Perception

taking sensory input → interpreting it → understanding what is happening

cognitive and perceptual impairements include:

-attention deficits

-memory impairments

-impairments of executive function

-body scheme and image impairments

-spatial impairments

-agnosia

-apraxia

attention deficits

-”ability to attend to a specific stimulus while simultaneously suppressing extraneous stimuli”

-normal response:

-not normal response:

memory impairments

-”mental process that allows someone to store experience and perceptions for later recall”

memory impairment levels

1-immediate

2-short term

3-long term

Executive function impairments

-” capacities that enable a person to engage successfully in independent purposeful, self-serving behavior”

-paying bills, childcare

4 components of executive function impairments

-volition

-planning

-purposeful action

-effective performance

body scheme & image impairments

-” sensory and persons feelings about the body”

Body scheme and image impairment specific problems

-unilateral neglect (usually left side)

-anosognosia (no control over extremity, “my arm has its own brain”)

-somatoagnosia (lack of awareness of a body part, cannot recognize body part)

-right/left discrimination (utilize cues)

spatial impairments

“difficulty perceiving the relationship between the self and two or more objects”

difficulties with spatial impairments

-figure-ground (cannot distiguish close/stacked objects)

form discrimination (cannot recog

spatial relations, position in space

Agnosia

“inability to recognize incoming info despite intact sensations”

-can physicaly see, hear, or touch something, but cannot recognize it

agnosia types

-visual

-auditory

-tactile (astereognosis)

Apraxia

“inability to do purposeful movements that is not due to weakness, impaired sensation, abnormal tone, etc”

ideomotor (type of apraxia)

-doing an activity over and over again when no longer needed

-common in dementia pts

ideational (type of apraxia)

-can not do a task because can not figure out the motor planning of how to do it

Buccofacial (oral apraxia)

-difficulty doing purposeful movements with the lips, tongue, cheeks, larynx, and pharynx on command

Theoretical approaches to cognitive and perceptual deficits

-retraining approach

-sensory integration approach

-rehab/compensatory ap

retraining approach

-if one area of the brain is impaired then it will affect other areas in a negative way

-practice on specific task and it will carry over to other tasks

sensory integrative approach

-organization of sensation for use to do a task

rehabilitation/compensatory approach

-specific repetitive practice of a functional task will help pt do that task automatically

-patient made aware of deficit, given cues to compensate then practice, practice, practice

-two components: compensation and adaptation