Neuropharmacology - Antipsychotics (mainly)

What percentage of the world population suffers from schizophrenia?

1%

How many genetic markers are there for schizophrenia?

108

Haloperidol is active with which receptor?

Dopamine D2

Which drugs can exacerbate positive symptoms in those with schizophrenia?

PCP and Ketamine

Stimulants release _________, and PCP and Ketamine antagonize _________ receptors.

Dopamine, NMDA (glutamate)

Are antipsychotic drugs dopamine receptor agonists or atagonists?

antagonists

Dopamine is released where in the brain?

Basal ganglia

Nuplazid affects ______ receptors, and treats ________________.

Serotonin (5-HT2), Parkinsons hallucinations and delusions.

Schizophrenia is most closely linked to which gene?

C4 gene

What does the C4 gene do?

Immune system and synaptic pruning.

First-Generation Antipsychotics block _______________, whereas Second-Generation Antipsychotics block _______________.

D2 and other neurotransmitters, D2 and serotonin (5-HT2 receptors)

Cholinergic blockade results in?

tachycardia. Panic-like symptoms.

Histaminergic blockade results in?

Sedation

Serotonin blockage results in?

Sedation and weight gain.

Negative symptoms from First-Generation Antipsychotics include:

Deficits in social skills, communication skills, motivation, attention and memory.

What characterizes Dystonia?

Involuntary muscle contractions and abnormal posture.

What characterizes Akathisia?

Subjective internal anxiety, nonadherence to treatment.

Tardive Dyskinesia is a serious side effect of which type of drug?

First-Generation Antipsychotics

What was the first Second-Generation Antipsychotic?

Clozapine (Clozaril)

Which Second-Generation Antipsychotic is considered clinically superior?

Clozapine

A _______________________ is a variation in a single base pair in a DNA sequence. Not an insertion or deletion.

Single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)

______________________ are a structural variation duplication or deletion in a considerable number of base pairs in DNA sequences.

Copy number variants (CNVs)

Prior to 1950 _______________________ were used to reduce agitation from postsurgical shock.

Antihistamines (Phenothiazines)

In 1952 __________________________ was synthesized from phenothiazine.

Chlorpromazine (Thorazine)

Chlorpromazine (Thorazine) is mainly used to treat…

Schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, nausea

Trifluoperazine (Stelazine) is mainly used to treat…

Schizophrenia, generalized anxiety disorder

Haloperidol (Haldol) is mainly used to treat…

Psychosis, Tourette syndrome

Pimozide (Orap) is mainly used to treat…

Tourette syndrome

Positive symptoms of first-generation antipsychotics include reducing…

Schizophrenic delusions, hallucination, and though disorders.

Chlorpromazine (Thorazine) is a _____ potency drug.

Low

Haloperidol (Haldol) is a _____ potency drug.

High

Second-generation antipsychotics (SGAs) have potency for blocking _________ receptors that is as great or greater than potency for blocking __________ receptors.

Serotonin, Dopamine D2

Clozapine (Clozaril) requires _______ tests due to a potential low number of ___________.

Blood, white blood cells

Which was the first “third-generation” antipsychotic drug?

Aripiprazole (Abilify)

Which of the SGAs is most likely to produce EPS and TD?

Risperidone

Patients taking _________ were less likely to discontinue therapy.

Clozapine