Patho Module 4 Fluids and Electrolytes

fluid inside cell

what is intracellular fluid

fluid outside of cell

what is extracellular fluid

fluid in blood vessels

what is intravascular fluid

any fluid surrounding between cells

what is interstitial fluid

fluid in spinal cord and around brain

what is cerebrospinal fluid

fluid in eyes, joints, pleural spaces

what is transcellular fluid

pushes water out

what is hydrostatic pressure

pulls water in

what is osmotic pressure

capillaries

what controls fluid movement

body weight

what is fluid change measured in

(blood pressure) - controls how fluid is moving across the body

what is capillary hydrostatic pressure

what our albumin levels look like

what is capillary (plasma) oncotic pressure

1. capillary hydrostatic pressure

2. capillary oncotic pressure

3. interstitial hydrostatic pressure

4. interstitial oncotic pressure

what are the 4 forces that filter and absorb fluids throughout the body

helps with reabsorption of water

how do antidiuretic hormones help with balance of water and electrolytes

controls sodium levels

how does aldosterone help with balance of water and electrolytes

regulation of fluids in sodium and potassium levels

how do attrial natiuretic peptides and T-type natriuretic peptides help with balance of water and electrolyes

excessive amount of fluid in the interstitial compartment

what is edema

•Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure

•Loss of plasma proteins (decreased oncotic pressure)

•Increased capillary membrane permeability (inflammation)

Lymphatic channel obstruction

what are causes of edema

increased distance of travel

what does fluid accumulation in edema mean

impaired blood flow, ischemia, poor wound healing, increased risk of infections, pressure injuries

what does increased tissue pressure in edema mean

diuretics (furosemide/Lasix), compression stocking, albumin

what is the treatment for edema

excessive sweating, vomiting, diarrhea, insufficient water intake, improper formula preparation for babies

what are causes of dehydration

skin turgor, pale, dry mucous membranes, BP drops, HR increases, weak pulse

what are the clinical manifestations of dehydration

they are going to seem higher

how does dehydration affect hemoglobin levels

high potassium (>5.0)

what is hyperkalemia

- peaked T waves

- hypotension

- bradycardia from decreased cardiac output

how does hyperkalemia affect the heart

- paresthesia

- paralysis

- muscle cramps

- increased deep tendon reflexes

how does hyperkalemia affect neuromuscular

- nausea

- vomiting

- abdominal cramping

- diarrhea

- hyperactive bowel sounds

how does hyperkalemia affect GI

- oliguria (low urine output)

- kidney damage

how does hyperkalemia affect kidneys

- excessive intake of potassium

- shift of potassium from cells to ECF

- cellular breakdown

- decreased renal excretion of potassium

- drugs that increase renal potassium

what are common causes of hyperkalemia

M - muscle cramping

U - urinary issues (oliguria, anuria)

R - respiratory distress

D - decreased cardiac contractility

E - EKG changes

R - reflexes, hyperreflexive

what is the acronym for hyperkalemia

low potassium (

what is hypokalemia

- flattened

- ST depression

- flattened T waves

how does hypokalemia affect cardiac

- flaccid paralysis

- decreased deep tendon reflexes

- lethargy

how does hypokalemia affect neuromuscular

- nausea

- vomiting

- constipation

- abdominal distention

- decreased motility

- hypoactive to absent bowel sounds

how does hypokalemia affect GI

- water loss

- thirst

- inability to concentration urine

how does hypokalemia affect kidney

- reduced intake of potassium

- increased movement of potassium into the cells

- increased losses of potassium

what are common causes of hypokalemia

high sodium (>145)

what is hypernatremia

S - skin flushed, edematous

A - agitation, restlessness

L - low grade fever

T - thirst

what is the acronym for hypernatremia

M - medications, meals

O - osmotic diuretics

D - diabetes insipidus

E - excessive H2O loss

L - low H2O intake

what is the acronym for the causes of hypernatremia

thick, dry, sticky tongue

what are the most distinct manifestations of hypernatremia

low sodium (

what is hyponatremia

- seizures

- confusion

- headache

- coma

- cerebral edema

- increased intracranial pressure

how does hyponatremia affect neuro

could have nausea and vomiting

how does hyponatremia affect GI

hypotension, tachycardia

what are common hypovolemia manifestions

- weight gain

- swelling

- jugular vein distention

what are common hypervolemic manifestations

- loss of sodium

- inadequate intake of sodium

- sodium dilution

what are causes of hyponatremia

S - stupor, coma

A - anorexia

L - lethargy

T - tendon reflexes increase

L - limp muscles

O - orthostatic hypotensoin

S - seizures

S - stomach cramping

what is an acronym for hyponatremia

high magnesium (>2.5)

what is hypermagnesemia

- bradycardia

- hypotension

how does hypermanesemia affect cardiac

decreased deep tendon reflexes

how does hypermagnesia affect neuro

depressed hsallow respirations

how does hypermagnesia affect respiratory

occurs with renal failure, too many laxatives

what is hypermageseia caused by

low magnesium (

what is hypomagnesemia

- tachycardia

- hypertension

- torsades de points (lethal heart rhythm)

how does hypomagnesemia affect cardiac

- muscle cramps

- tetany

- irritability

how does hypomagnesemia affect neuro

nystagmus (involuntary eye movment)

how does hypomagnesemia affect eyes

- malnutrition

- malabsorption syndromes

- alcoholism

- diuretic use

what is hypomagnesemia caused by

high calcium (>10.2)

what is hypercalcemia

bones, beats, bladder, and GI

what does hypercalcemia affect

bone pain, osteoporosis, fractures

how does hypercalcemia affect bones

bradycardia,, dysrhythmias, cardiac arrest

how does hypercalcemia affect beats

kidney stones, impaired renal function

how does hypercalcemia affect bladder

constipation, nausea, anorexia

how does hypercalcemia affect GI

- neoplasms

- constipation

- nausea

- anorexia

- increased intake of calcium or vitamin d

what causes hyperalcemia

low calcium (

what is hypocalcemia

C - Chovstek sign (cheek twitches)

A - Arrythmias

T - Trousseau sign (spasms when taking the blood pressure)

S - Stridor, laryngeal spasms

Go numb - - numbness and tingling, especially around the mouth

what is the acronym for hypocalcemia

- hypoparathyroidism

- malabsorption syndrome

- renal failure

what are some causes of hypocalcemia

7.35-7.45

what is normal pH range

- excess hydrogen ions

- decrease in serum pH (

what is acidosis

- deficit of hydrogen ions

- increased in serum pH (>7.45)

what is alkalosis

- change in respiration

- change in renal functions

what is compensation in pH

- hydrogen ions

- bicarbonate ions

what does compensation in pH

- problems become more severe

- additional problems occur

- compensation mechanism are exceeded or fail

when does decompensation occur in pH