Midterm Questions 10,11,12,13

Name the enzyme in step 1

RNA Polymerase

Name the enzyme in step 2

Reverse transcriptase

How many pieces will EcoRI produce from the plasmid shown

2

If a bacterium can go through binary fission in 10 minutes and goes through 5 generations how many cells at the end of these five generations?

32

Saccharomyces cerevisiae grows best at which pH range?

pH 5-6

How can you sterilize an inoculating loop to prevent contamination?

Flame the loop

Mechanical removal of microbes

Soap

Inhibits protein synthesis and is used on skin as an antiseptic

Halogens

Disrupts cell metabolism by the removal of water

Desiccation

Kills organisms and endospores using high temperature and pressure

Autclaving

Reduces number of spoilage organisms and pathogens using high temperature

Pasteurization

Halogens and Hydrogen peroxide are classified as

Oxidizing agents

An agent used to reduce the number of bacteria on a toilet would most accurately be called a(n)

Disinfectant

What is the name of the process in step 1

Transcription

What is the name of the process in step 2

Reverse Transcription

Why is the genetic code called “universal”

It's the same among plants, animals, bacteria and fungi

Which of the following criteria is most useful in determining whether two organisms are related?

Both are gram-positive

All microorganisms in a certain region of the human body. Humans and animala depend on these microbiome to maintain good health

Microbiota

Prokaryotic cell that is comma shaped

Vibrio

What are bacterial cell walls primarily composed of ?

Peptidoglycan

Fungal cell walls are primarily composed of

Chitin

Name the second conformative test

Western blotting

Name a virus the infects bacteria only

Bacteriophages

Name a fungus that causes HIV/AIDS

C. keratoconjuctivitis (eye)

Name the poison that causes paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP)

Saxitoxin

Name the organism that causes malaria

Plasmodium vivax

True/False, Plasmodium is an intracellular parasite

True

Where does Plasmodium undergo sexual reproduction? (definitive host)

Anopheles mosquito

Name the foodborne illness that can be associated with eating raw or undercooked fish

Paragonimiasis (trematodes)

Cooking fish before eating is the most effectiveness preventive measure to avoid human infection with

Tapeworms

What lays their eggs on the skin around the anus particularly at night. THis is a key part of pinworm life cycle and can cause anal itching and discomfort.

Female pinworms

What does not achieve sterilization?

Pasteurization

What site in the body has the most anaerobes that can cause infections?

Intestine

If you knew the sequence of nucleotides within a gene, you can determine the

Primary structure

Disrupts plasma membranes

Bisphenols

In the malaria parasite life cycle, humans are the

Intermediate host

5.What is the most effective control of malaria?

Eliminate Anopheles mosquitoes

Define vector

Blood-sucking animals such as ticks, lice, and fleas that transmit microbial pathogens

True or False, Arthropod vectors are blood-sucking animals such as ticks, lice, and fleas that transmit microbial pathogens.

True

What disease are transmitted to humans by the fecal-oral route

Helminthic diseases

Name two viruses families that are reverse transcriptase

Hepadnaviridae and Retroviridae

What kind of virus is a Rotavirus?

RNA, double-stranded, nonenveloped

What kind of virus is a papilloma?

RNA, double-stranded, nonenveloped

Who was the first scientist to introduce the scientific nomenclature?

Carolus Linnaeus

Name one infection caused by tapeworms, when waitresses dont wash hands

Cysticercosis

Name on infection caused by tapeworms, infection within the intestines

Taeniasis

Which bacteria would survive heat treatments better?

Please explain why?

Bacillus cereus, survive bc of endospores

What does the Kirby-Bauer Sensitivity test used to measure?

Effectiveness of antibiotic/disinfectant

Viruses cannot undergo their own metabolism because

They are codependent

An example of complex virus is

Bacteriophage

In naming viruses, the family name ends in

Viridae

In naming viruses, the genus name ends with

Virus

A virus infection type that leads to the destruction of the host cells is callled?

Lytic Cycle

A virus infection type that leads to the incorporation of viral genetic material into the host DNA is called?

Lysogenic cycle

Continuous cell lines differ from primary cell lines in that

Transformed cells are cancerous cells that can be grown indefinitely

What tests could you use to identify influenza virus in a patient?

Embryonated eggs

There are two ways viruses are released from  infected animal cells

Budding for enveloped viruses and Rupture for nonenveloped viruses

Helical and icosahedral are terms used to describe the shapes of a virus envelope.

False

The ability for viruses to transfer genetic information from one host cell to another is called

Tranduction

Is shingles a persistent or latent infection?

Latent

Viruses reproduce by

Using the host cell's DNA to create new viruses.

A virus is unique in that it

Cannot reproduce outside of a living cell

The protein coat that envelopes the viral genetic material is known as a

Capsid

A virus that attacks a bacterial cell is called a

Bacteriophage

Which type of viral infection literally takes over and quickly destroys the host cell?

Lytic cycle

The ability for viruses to transfer from one host cell to another is called

Transduction

List 3 diseases that a re caused by viruses

Covid-19, HIV, Measles

Can viral infection be treated with antibiotics? Why or why not ?

No, bc viruses don’t have a cell wall and cannot kill

Researchers studying tissues of diseased marine mammals have identified what appear to be viral particles by electron microscopy. Describe three methods you might use to attempt to culture this virus for further study.

Tissue Culture, Embryonated eggs, Living minsk inoculation

For prions to replicate they need the

scrapie protein, PrP Sc

Name a persistant viral infection

Measles

Name a bacteria in the Lysogenic Cycle

Bacteriophage Lambda

What is a provirus?

Viral DNA integrated into the host chromosome

How can an RNA virus cause cancer if it doesn’t have DNA to insert into a cell’s genome?

Double stranded DNA is synthesized from viral RNA and becomes integrated into the host genome