BIOL lec 2 exam 3

The Founder effect can be found through what? And why?

Islands because they are good biological laboratories.

What do islands allow scientists to study?

Genetics, weather, and move from island to island.

Two examples of the founder effect

Florida keys and feline polydactylism & Hawaii

Glycolysis

break the sugar.

Glycolysis can be stored as what?

Glycogen.

How can we get glucose out of the bloodstream and into cells?

Insulin & GLUT 4

Congenital

Condition present at birth.

Type I diabetes

Not enough insulin.

Type II diabetes

Body may produce insulin but muscle and tissue don't respond effectively.

Both Type I and Type II diabetes have…

Increased blood glucose

GLP1

Satiety center antagonist of the midbrain

Creatine pathway process

Phosphocreatine + ADP –creatine kinase→ Creatine

3 benefits of creatine

Helps with recovery time. Ability to think and function. Muscle swells and look bigger.

Sarcos

Flesh

Myos

Muscle

What are the 3 types of muscle soreness

Immediate, Delayed. Prolonged

What occurs immediately?

~ during exercise. Burning sensation in muscle. Increase in Ca2+ & Lactic acid

What occurs in Delayed?

~ 24-48 hrs later. Microtears in muscle fibers at Actin and Myosin ⇒ Testosterone.

What occurs in Prolonged?

~ lasts for weeks. Extreme overexertion, which can cause sprains and strains.

Muscle structure organization in higher vertebrates is…

Cylinders

3 types of connective tissue coverings from outer to inner

Epimysium, Perimysium, Endomysium.

Epimysium surrounds…

Multiple perimysium

Perimysium surrounds…

A fascicle

Fascicle contains…

Multiple individual cells surrounded by endomysium

Endomysium surrounds…

An individual cell

An individual cell can also be called what 3 other names?

One skeletal muscle cell, Myocyte, Myofibril

Fascia

Band/sheet of connective tissue (mostly collagen)

4 functions

Attaches to, Stabilizes, Encloses, & Separates muscles and other internal organs

Fascia is separated by

Visceral and Parietal

Visceral fascia

Separate with internal organs

Parietal fascia

Separate with walls of a cavity

Interstitium

Space between cells. Contains interstitial fluid.

Fluid pathway

Capillary bed → Lymphatic system → Thoracic duct → Vein in neck

Individual cell contains…

Myofilaments

Myofilaments contain…

Actin and Myosin

Actin

Thin filaments

Myosin

Thick filaments. Has ATPase activity.

ATPase

Enzyme protein that hydrolyzes ATP to ADP & Pi

A.P.

Change in RMP by Na+ Depolarization and K+ Repolarization

What is the TRIAD!!!

1 T-tubule and 2 Terminal Cisternae

T-tubule

Carries the A.P. deep into the muscle

Terminal Cisternae

Parts of the Sacroplasmic reticulum that store and release Ca2+

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

Contain Ca2+ ATPase pumps.