[midterms] freud, adler, & jung

collective unconscious

[Carl Jung] inherit experiences from ancestors in form of _____

collective unconscious

[Carl Jung] Archetypes are highly developed aspects of this

spirituality

[Carl Jung] He felt there was a need in people to be connected to something bigger than them =

conscious

[carl jung] Psychic images sensed by the ego

personal unconscious

[carl jung] Our forgotten, repressed, or emotionally charged experiences

collective unconscious

Inherited psychological predispositions shared by humanity

Most controversial discovery of Jung

archetypes

[carl jung] Archaic images derived from the collective unconscious

persona

• Man's public image / external self

• The mask that a person puts before he shows himself to the outside world

[carl jung]

shadow

• Archetype of darkness, repression

[carl jung]

anima

• Female aspect present in the collective unconscious of men

[carl jung]

animus

• Male aspect present in the collective unconscious of women

[carl jung]

syzygy / androgyny

anima and animus are together called ______

[carl jung]

great mother

• Represent 2 opposing forces (positive and negative feelings)

[carl jung]

wise old man

• Archetype of wisdom and meaning

[carl jung]

hero

• Serve as model for ideal personality

[carl jung]

the self

• Most comprehensive of all archetypes because it pulls together all other archetypes and unites them in the process of Self-realization.

• Represents the transcendence of all opposites, so that every aspect of the personality is expressed equally.

• Ultimate symbol is the mandala

[carl jung]

progression

• Forward flow of psychic energy

• Necessary for adaptation to outside world

[carl jung]

regression

• Backward flow of psychic energy

• Necessary for adaptation to inner world

[carl jung]

• Principle of Opposites

• Psychic energy arises from the tension between opposites.

[carl jung]

Principle of Equivalence

Psychic energy is distributed among different psychological activities.

When energy decreases in one area, it can be redirected toward another.

[carl jung]

principle of entropy

• Opposing forces tend toward greater psychological balance.

[carl jung]

transcendence

• The process of moving beyond psychological opposites by recognizing and integrating both sides.

[carl jung]

synchronicity

The occurrence of two events that are not causally connected but are meaningfully related

[carl jung]

attitudes

[carl jung] Predisposition to act in a characteristic direction

introversion

[carl jung] The turning inward of psychic energy with an orientation toward the subjective

extraversion

[carl jung] The turning outward of psychic energy so that a person is oriented toward the objective and away from the subjective

thinking

• Recognizing the meaning of stimuli

• [carl jung]

extraverted thinking

people rely heavily on concrete thoughts, may use abstract ideas

e.g. mathematicians, engineers, accountants

• [carl jung]

introverted thinking

the interpretation of event is colored more by the internal meaning they bring with them than by objective facts

• [carl jung]

feeling

The process of evaluating an idea or event, more accurate word is valuing

• [carl jung]

extraverted feeling

use objective data to make evaluations, they are not guided so much by their subjective opinion, but by their external values.

• [carl jung]

introverted feeling

base their value judgments on subjective perceptions rather than objective facts. These people have an individualized conscience, unfathomable psyche.

• [carl jung]

sensing

The function that receives physical stimulation.

• [carl jung]

extraverted sensing

perceive external stimuli objectively because they exist in reality

Ex. Proofreader, house painter, wine taster.

• [carl jung]

introverted sensing

blargely influenced by subjective sensations of sight, sound, taste, touch and so forth.

If carried in extreme, may result to hallucination.

• [carl jung]

intuiting

Perception beyond the workings of consciousness.

• [carl jung]

extraverted intuitive

oriented toward facts in the externo world, rather than sensing them they merely perceive then subliminally.

• They are guided by hunches and guesses contrary to sensory data.

• [carl jung]

introverted intuitive

are guided by unconscious perception o facts that are basically subjective and have little or no resemblance to external reality.

E.g., Mystics, prophets, surrealistic artists.

• [carl jung]

childhood

Development of consciousness and dependence.

• [carl jung]

youth

Growth, education, career, relationships.

• [carl jung]

middle life

Reassessment, meaning, inner development.

• [carl jung]

old age

Reflection, acceptance, preparation for death.

• [carl jung]

childhood

• Early Morning Sun

  Full of potential

  Consciousness is still developing

• [carl jung]

middle life

Early Afternoon Sun

Peak of consciousness and productivity Increasing awareness of life's limitations

Begins turning inward

• [carl jung]

old age

Evening Sun

Consciousness gradually dims

Reflection and acceptance become important

Increasing awareness of mortality

• [carl jung]

Anarchic

Monarchic

Dualistic

Jung described childhood consciousness as developing through three phases:

• [carl jung]

anarchic phase

Chaotic & Sporadic Consciousness

Consciousness is fragmented and disconnected

"Islands of consciousness" exist

Experiences are difficult to organize or verbalize

Primitive images may appear without clear explanation

No developed ego yet

• [carl jung]

monarchic phase

The Ego Begins to Develop Ego begins to emerge

Lagical and verbal thinking develaps

"Islands of consciousness" become larger and more numerous

Child begins to see themselves as an object May refer to themselves in the third person

• [carl jung]

dualistic phase

The Ego Becomes Self-Aware

'I am both the person being observed AND the person doing the observing."

Refers to self in the first person

Develops awareness of being a separate individual

Ego becomes both object AND subject

Consciousness becomes more continuous and organized

• [carl jung]

youth

Increasing independence from parents

Maturing sexuality

Growing consciousness Finding a mate/partner

Establishing a career and place in society

Building a family and adult life

• [carl jung]

middle life

A period of transformation and new potential.

Awareness of aging and mortality

Anxiety about physical decline

Reassessment of previous goals

Opportunity for psychological growth

Search for new meaning

• [carl jung]

old age

Death is not merely the end of life-it is part of life's natural goal.

Consciousness gradually diminishes Physical energy and abilities decline

Awareness of mortality becomes stronger

People may reflect on the meaning of their lives Death becomes an important psychological reality

• [carl jung]

self-realization

A.K.A. Individuation

• A psychological rebirth

• The process of "coming to selfhood"

• The person is dominated neither by unconscious processes nor by the conscious ego but achieves a balance between all aspects of personality

• Rarely achieved

• [carl jung]

Striving for success or superiority

#1 tenet of individual psychology [alfred adler]

The sole dynamic force behind people's action, creative power ability to freely shape our behavior; compensate to one's inferiority.

Subjective perceptions shape behavior

#2 tenet of individual psychology [alfred adler]

Subjective view of the world not reality shape behavior; humans are "blessed with inferiorities"

Personality is unified and self consistent

#3 tenet of individual psychology [alfred adler]

All behaviors are directed toward a single purpose; underlying motives

Value of all activity from social interest perspective

#4 tenet of individual psychology [alfred adler]

The feeling of oneness with all of humanity; yardstick for measuring psychological health;

Personality structure becomes one's style of life

#5 tenet of individual psychology [alfred adler]

• A person's striving; set by age 4 or 5 years

Style of life molded by creative power

#6 tenet of individual psychology [alfred adler]

Shaped by people's creative power, that is, by their ability to freely choose a course of action

organ dialect

• The deficient organ expresses the direction of the individual's goal

• [alfred adler]

• Conscious and Unconscious

• Are two cooperating parts of the same unified person

• [alfred adler]

• Gemeinschaftsgefühl

[alfred adler] A Force that Binds Society Together

style of life ; adler

• _____ is the term _____ used to refer to the flavor of a person's life.

• Includes personal goal, self concept, empathy, and attitude toward world.

• Product of heredity, environment, and creative power

• Mostly set by 4 or 5 years of age

• Healthy individuals express this through action and struggle to solve problems of neighborly love, sexual love, and occupation

creative power

_____ is Adler's term for an inner freedom that empowers each

person to create his or her own style of life.

• Places one in control of his or her life

• Responsible for one's final goal

• Determines one's method of striving

• Contributes to the development of one's social interest

• Importance is not endowment but how one uses this power

1st born

• Strong feelings of power and superiority, overprotective, more anxious

• [alfred adler]

2nd born

• Are likely to have strong social interest

• [alfred adler]

youngest

• Pampered, lack of independence

• [alfred adler]

only children

• Have some of the characteristics of both the oldest and the youngest child

[alfred adler]

safeguarding tendencies

[alfred adler]

• Psychological patterns used to protect self-esteem from feelings of failure or inferiority.

• Help individuals maintain their existing style of life.

• Often appear when when a person's self-esteem feels threatened.

• Excuses

• Aggression

• Withdrawal

[alfred adler]

• Three Major Forms of Safeguarding Tendencies:

excuses

[alfred adler]

• Protecting self-esteem by giving reasons for not succeeding.

• The most common of the safeguarding tendencies are ____, which are typically expressed in the "Yes, but" or "If only" format.

• "Yes, but" - I want to, BUT there's a reason I can't.

• "If only" - I could have, IF something were different.

aggression

safeguarding tendency

Using aggressive behavior to protect fragile sense of superiority.

[alfred adler]

• Depreciation

• Accusation

• Self-accusation

[alfred adler]

three forms of agression (safeguarding tendency):

depreciation

form of aggression

• Putting others down to make oneself feel superior.

• [alfred adler]

accusation

form of aggression

• Blaming others for one's failures.

• [alfred adler]

self-accusation

form of aggression

• Blaming or punishing oneself while protecting one's self-esteem.

• [alfred adler]

withdrawal

safeguarding tendency

• Avoiding challenges or responsibilities to protect oneself from possible failure.

[alfred adler]

• Moving Backward

• Standing Still

• Hesitating

• Constructing Obstacles

[alfred adler]

four forms of withdrawal:

moving backward

form of withdrawal

• Returning to a more comfortable or dependent way of functioning.

• [alfred adler]

standing still

form of withdrawal

• Avoiding action or responsibility to prevent possible failure.

• [alfred adler]

hesitating

form of withdrawal

• Delaying or procrastinating when facing difficult tasks.

• [alfred adler]

constructing obstacles

form of withdrawal

• Creating barriers that provide an excuse if failure occurs.

• [alfred adler]

early recollections

[alfred adler] _____ provide clues about a person's present personality and goals.

reliability

the ____ of a measuring instrument is the extent to which it yields consistent results

validity

_____ is the degree to which an instrument measures what it is supposed to measure

construct validity and predictive validity

two types of validity?

construct validity

instrument measures some hypothetical construct

predictive validity

test predicts some future behavior

1. convergent validity

2. divergent validity

3. discriminant validity

3 important types of construct validity?

convergent validity

a measuring instrument has ______ to the extent that scores on that instrument correlate highly with scores on a variety of valid measures of that same construct

divergent validity

an inventory has ____ if it has low or insignificant correlations with other inventories that do not measure that construct

discriminant validity

it discriminates between two groups of people known to be different

libido or sex drive

[freud] aim is pleasure but not limited to genitals

thanatos or agression / destructive drive

[freud] inflicts injury on others

neurotic anxiety

[freud] apprehension about unknown danger, because of previous unconscious experience with parents who are hostile, punitive

moral anxiety

[freud] is similar to guilt and results from the ego’s relation with the superego

realistic anxiety

[freud] which is similar to fear, is produced by the ego’s relation with the real world

defense mechanism

[freud] when ego is not in the position to control anxiety, it resorts to unrealistic method

denial

denying that something exists [freud]

repression

• the most basic defense mechanism

• pushing threatening thoughts back into the unconscious

[freud]