Anatomical Kinesiology Test #2

muscle fiber breakdown…epimysium all the way to the myofibril

epimysium (whole muscle) outermost connective tissue sheath that wraps around entire muscle → fasciculi → perimysium connective tissue layer that groups muscle fibers into bundles called fascicles → endomysium delicate connective tissue layer that surrounds each individual muscle fiber sarcolemma →myofibril cylindrical contractile organelle inside the muscle fiber containing the filaments (actin and myosin)

the sliding filament theory

actin filaments slide past myosin filaments, shortening the sarcomere to contract muscle without altering filament lengths

what is the sarcomere?

the smallest contractile unit of the skeletal muscle

hypertrophy, how does the myofibril size increase?

• microscopic muscle tears occur in the myofibrils

• new actin and myosin filaments are added to the periphery of the sarcomeres within a myofibril until the myofibril increases to 2X its original size

• then the myofibril s

hyperplasia

DOMS, what kind of exercises? where does it happen?

significance of scaphoid, lunate, and capitate

carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges

actions of the hands and wrist

what type of joints in the wrist and hand

significance of flexor/extensor retinaculum, and palmar aponeurosis

significance of carpal tunnel and carpal tunnel syndrome

CNS and PNS systems

afferent PNS vs. efferent PNS

voluntary movement and the motor cortex

lower motor neurons and motor units

motor unit and muscle fiber type

muscle spindles and golgi tendon units

PNF stretching

active vs. passive insufficiency

forces at the hip

contralateral nature of the hip in running

hip differences between male and female

the sacroiliac joint

significance of anterior/posterior pelvic tilt

upper and lower cross syndrome

acetabulum labrum

ligaments of the hip

actions at the hip

general info about hip muscles (ex. sartorius is longest)

fractures at the hip: where and why?

knee as a condyloid joint

knee flexion with hip flexed vs extended

close packed position; screw home mechanism

3 joints of the knee

the lateral and medial meniscus and significance

functions of all of the ligaments we covered

Q angle and significance

patellar tendon and significance

forces at the knee

ACL injuries in women and why? (essay question)

meniscal tears, collateral tears, IT band syndrome, Osgood-Schlatter, Osteoarthritis, Osteochondritis

patellar tracking