GI Tract Pathology

HCl converts _ to pepsin

pepsinogen

pepisongen is a _

zymogen

3 aspects of mechanical digestion

teeth

gastric churn

small intestine churn

fat digestion pathway

Fats → lipases →TG, cholesterol → chylomicrons →lacteals

_ are packaged into chylomicrons

TGs and cholesterol

benefits of intestinal bacteria

vit K production

guarding against pathogenic bacteria

dysphagia

difficulty swallowing

low-volume, painful, bloody diarrhea

dysentery

condition with fatty stools

steatorrhea

temporary lack of peristalsis after abdominal/pelvic surgery

ileus

4 causes of mechanical intestinal obstruction

adhesions

intussusception

volvulus

herniation

infection of the gums and soft tissue around the teeth

periodontitis

most common cause of tooth loss

periodontitis

2causes of oral thrush

antibiotics and immunosuppression

action of gastrin

stimulates secretion of HCl

action of CSK

stimulates bile release + pancreatic enzymes

SLOWS gastric motility

main cause of Squamous cell carcinoma of the lower lip

UV exposure

oral Squamous cell carcinoma causes

tobacco/alcohol

HPV

poor oral hygiene

oropharyngeal Squamous cell carcinoma cause

HPV

congenital anomaly of the oral cavity

cleft lip/palate

ileus vs mechanical obstruction

ileus occurs after surgery and occurs without physical obstruction

causes of ileus besides surgery

spinal injury

electrolyte imbalances

telescoping of one portion of the bowel into another

intussusception

twisting of the bowel that results in downstream ischemia

volvulus

oral cavity herpes is usually which HSV

HSV-1

3 types of tooth and gum disease

dental caries (cavities)

gingivitis

periodontitis

sialadenitis

inflammation of the salivary glands

acute causes of sialadenitis

infection: strep or mumps

chronic causes of sialadenitis

autoimmune - Sjogren’s

obstruction- stones

are salivary gland neoplasms usually benign or malignant

benign

most common salivary gland tumor

pleomorphic adenoma

most common malignant salivary gland tumor

mucoepidermoid carcinoma

achalasia

lower esophageal sphincter spasm → dysphagia → pain and regurgitation

swallowing disorder of the lower esophageal sphincter spasming

achalasia

what is herniating in a hiatal hernia

stomach herniating into esophageal hiatus

Mallory-Weiss tears cause bleeding where

upper GI

Mallory-Weiss tears are associated with what etiology

severe vomiting

cause of varices

cirrhosis and portal shunts

barrett metaplasia is caused by _

chronic GERD

esophageal varices are a _ defect

vascular

_ metaplasia is indicative of barrett’s esophagus

intestinal

2 types of esophageal carcinomas

adenocarcinomas

squamous cell carcinomas

GERD produces what type of esophageal carcinoma

adenocarcinoma

congenital pyloric stenosis can lead to _

intestinal obstruction

main cause of chronic gastritis

H. pylori

2 causes of chronic gastritis

H pylori (main)

pernicious anemia

what cells produce intrinsic factor

parietal cells

peptic ulcers 2 main causes

H pylori

NSAID overuse

2 subtypes of gastric adenocarcinoma

intestinal

diffuse

gastric adenocarcinoma risk factors

H pylori associated chronic gastritis

smoking

genetics

treatment of primary gastric lymphoma

antibiotics

chemo

resection for severe cases

gastric lymphomas are associated with _

H pylori chronic gastritis

example of diffuse gastric adenocarcinoma

linitus plastica

where does meckel diverticulum occur

distal ileum

meckel diverticulum may contain what kind of tissue

gastric and pancreatic

where do congenital atresias occur

small and large bowel

anus

what is Hirschprung disease

absence of ganglion cells in the colon wall → lack of peristalsis and constriction in the affected segment

omphalocele vs gastroschisis

omphalocele passes directly through the umbilicus (gastroschisis is to the right of it)

omphalocele has a protective sac (gastroschisis lacks covering)

Hirschsprung disease can lead to

a functional bowel blockage, toxic megacolon, perforation

common digestive condition involving small, abnormal, and fragile blood vessels in the lining of the stomach, small intestine, or colon that can leak and cause bleeding

angiodysplasia

3 potential causes of hemorrhoids

constipation

cirrhosis

pregnancy

what landmark separates internal vs external hemorrhoid

dentate line

2 viruses that can cause infectious diarrhea

rotavirus

norovirus

rotavirus is common in _

children

C. difficile causes _

pseudomembranous collitis

E.coli of traveler’s diarrhea

ETEC

what kind of E. coli causes bloody diarrhea

EHEC

which bacteria invade tissues

shigella

salmonella

campylobacter

protozoa that can cause bowel infections (3)

Entamoeba histolytica

Giardia duodenalis

Cryptosporidium

3 ways that bacterial toxins can infect the GI tract

toxins formed before ingestion

toxins formed after ingestion

by resident bacteria

what is carbohydrate intolerance due to

lack of mucosal enzymes

what kind of reaction is celiac sprue

immune mediated mucosal inflammatory reaction

how is irritable bowel syndrome diagnosed

diagnosis of exclusion

where does Crohn disease occur

anywhere in the GI tract

where does ulcerative colitis occur

only in the colon

does UC or Crohn disease involve rectal bleeding

UC

are lesions more uniform in UC or Crohn disease

UC

what part of the colon does UC affect

rectosigmoid

full thickness inflammation of the small bowel is likely due to _

Crohn’s disease

are granulomas more common in UC or Crohn’s

Crohn’s

why might there be systemic complications of ulcerative colitis

molecular mimicry issues with the immune system

non-malignant neoplasm of the bowel

hyperplastic polyps

premalignant tumors of the bowel

adenomatous polyps

2 types of adenomatous polyps

tubular adenoma

villous adenoma

risk factors of colorectal adenocarcinoma

low fiber, high fat diet

IBD

genetic predisposition

which type of premalignant colon adenoma is more concerning

villous adenomas

what characterizes the tumor portion for colon cancer staging

depth of invasion

a structural condition of the large intestine characterized by the formation of small, sac-like outpouchings

diverticulosis

is diverticulosis a true or false diverticula

false (doesn’t involve all layers of the GI wall)

diverticula are susceptible to _

inflammation (diverticulitis)

perforation

2 common causes of appendicitis

obstruction

fecalith

common complication of acute appendicitis

peritonitis

what is a risk factor for peritonitis

ascites / cirrhosis

causes of Peritoneal carcinomatosis

ovarian/pancreatic cancer