i dont gaf a fuck

The first to really bring sociology and health together

Talcott

Sociological perspective

Social environment shapes people’s behavior, attitudes, and their life outcomes

Social inequality

Unequal distribution of wealth and valued resources

Social institutions

Socially organized systems of behavior that help society satisfy basic social needs

Sociological imagination

A special way of thinking which allows people to recognize their biography and personal troubles are often rooted in public issues, and not usually personal failures

Who coined sociological imagination

C. Wright Mills, 1959

Functionalism

Societies institutions all help society survive and thrive. Each institution serves several functions

Systems approach- strives for equilibrium by means of socialization. Values and norms are internalized by members of society

Sick role falls under this idea

Who coined functionalism

Emile Durkheim

Conflict theory

Individuals with wealth and power dominate society, most people fall at the bottom of the social hierarchy

Social inequality is at the heart of this theories emphasis in sociology

Individual groups at different levels have different vested interests- this creates conflict over public policy and other important issues

Like individuals are competing for resources and money is a resource

Who coined conflict theory

Marx

Symbolic interaction

How individuals act with each other, like microlevel

How they interpret their social interaction- symbols, language, and fact-to-face to interpret the meaning of words

This has more recently been increasing in importance in healthcare

This doesn’t consider how people can’t control their situations

Who coined symbolic interactionism

George Mead and Herbert Cooley

Bureaucratic theory

Socioeconomic status (SES)

Lifestyles

Rationality and bureaucracy

Believed that people should be judged at their jobs and there should be no compassion and no consideration for their situations

Think about gain of value comparative to the amount of work

Socioeconomic status

A measure of class based on income, education, and occupational prestige

Bureaucratic lifestyles

Associated with status groups not individuals, based on what people consume rather than what they produce

Rationality and bureaucracy

Central to studies of hospitals and other care organizations

Who coined bureaucratic theory

Weber

Question that conflict theory raises

Does healthcare transmit only the values of the most dominant system?

Structural functionalism question

How does a country fairly administer its healthcare system

Question brought up by symbolic interactionism

How does patients react to cultural messages in interactions with their healthcare professional?

Development process 1

Ask a question

Development process 2

Literature review

Development process 3

Formulate a hypothesis

Development process 4

Design study; gather and analyze data

Development process 5

Draw conclusions

Development process 6

Report results

Literature review

Has this study been done?

How does it add to the research?

Research design

Has this study already been done?

If so, is the presented study being approached in a different way?

How does it add to the body of research?

Does it add to the theoretical knowledge?

Does it have policy implications?

Literature review research design

How has prior research been conducted?

Is it a replication of prior design to confirm prior results?

Is it improving upon a prior design

Which variables were used to measure key concepts

Validity

The degree to which a study, method, or measurement accurately measures what it claims to measure and reflects real world truth. Requires reliability

Reliability

Repeatability

In literature review, you want to

Advance knowledge, not do something people already know

Tuskegee 1932-1972

A syphilis study that had profound medical violations. It deceived 600 Black men and intentionally with heals life-saving care.

Tuskegee lack of informed consent

Participants were not told they had syphilis, but believed they had “bad blood”

Tuskegee withholding treatment

When penicillin became the established cure in the 1940s, researchers denied it to the men to see how syphilis progressed

The Belmont report

Public outrage in 1972 following the Tuskegee study’s exposure (which caused the Tuskegee experiment to be shut down) led to this report in 1979, which established core biomedical principles

The Belmont report biomedical principles

Respect for persons, beneficence, and justice

Tuskegee IRBs

The scandal drove the creation of federal regulations and Institutional Review Boards to mandate rigorous oversight and protect human research

Tuskegee lasting effect

Justified distrust toward the medical establishment and government health initiatives among Black Americans.

Preindustrial world

Religious in nature

Angry gods or evil spirits caused health issues

Health practices were supernatural practices

Shaman or folk medicine: use of herbs and trepanning

As more advanced societies developed that were not polytheistic, illness was God’s will testing faith

ancient world

Hippocrates is considered the father of modern medicine

War has always been a catalyst for advancing medicine

Hippocrates is considered the father of modern medicine

Attributed disease to natural causes rather than divine

Ushered in scientific thinking

Separated magic and superstition from medicone

War as a catalyst for advancing medicine

The front lines have led to innovation e.g. mid 1500s

Clamping and suturing (sewing/tying up with silk)

Bleeding arteries

Air ambulances

Portable u/s

Donating blood in advance and preserving it

Amputation during the civil war

Off battlefield- prosthetics, for all problems with the VA in delivery of healthcare, their research has been extraordinary

Medieval world

Catholic Church- ruled and often set back progress; illness was seen as God’s punishment

Witchcraft- Folk healers (mainly women) and mentally ill often targeted

Humoral theory- The physicians who existed believed in and practiced humoral theory, like bloodletting

Black Death- Plagued killed anywhere from 1/3rd to 1 half of Europe

Resaissance mid 1300s to late 1600s

A new worldview- rejection of religion for reason and intellect by Italians and Europeans

Advances in anatomy- illustrated anatomy books published, heart valves and female reproductive organs identified. Da Vinci also dissected cadavers and drew the human body

Circulation and tools- William Harvey, 1600s described blood circulation and its role

Disease- Pathogens spread by human contact caused epidemics; infectious disease = smallpox

18th century

Nervous system- effect of brain on peripheral nerves

Capillary system in blood circulation

Anatomical concept of disease

Embryology and pathology

Observation advanced knowledge but little was yet known about the causes and treatment of illness

First vaccination, which eventually eradicated smallpox

19th century

Biomedical model:

Rudolph Virchow: Cell theory

Louis Pasteur: Germ theory

Robert Koch: specific bacteria (anthrax, cholera, TB)

Joseph Lister: wash hands and medical instruments to prevent infection

Anesthesia (1846)

Incidence

Risk of contracting disease (time sensitive)

Prevalence

Total proportion of cases