S & D by hand

Which of the following is the BEST definition of sleep?

• A reversible state of disengagement and unresponsiveness to the environment

• A quiet state with lack of movement

• A state of unresponsiveness

• A periodic suspension of consciousness

• A reversible state of disengagement and unresponsiveness to the environment

Which of the following sleep stages is characterized by the slow and high-amplitude “delta” waves on the EEG? 

• N3

• N2

• REM

• N1

• N3

Which of the following is considered the “gold standard” for sleep assessments as it assesses multiple variables important for sleep? 

• Polysomnography

• Actigraphy

• Self-Report Surveys

• Neural Imaging

• Polysomnography

Sleep spindles and K-complexes occur on the EEG during which sleep stage? 

• N3

• N2

• REM

• N1

• N2

What aspect of sleep distinguishes people called 'Night Owls' from those called 'Morning Larks'?

• Duration of Sleep

• Architecture of Sleep

• Sleep Health

• Timing of Sleep

• Timing of Sleep

What time they go to bed which also affects whether or not they have delayed or advanced sleep?

According to cross-cultural research on sleep, people in higher income countries generally sleep __________ than people in lower income countries.

• Not yet determined

• More

• About the same

• Less

• Less

Which of the following best describes the 'fraying' of sleep commonly observed in the elderly?

• The complete disappearance of N2 sleep

• Increased fragmentation of sleep and increased proportion of N1 sleep

• A significant increase in REM sleep

• A shift toward being 'night owls' with much later bedtime

• Increased fragmentation of sleep and increased proportion of N1 sleep

Which animal is known to have the shortest sleep duration, sleeping for only about 1.9 hours per day?

• Bat

• Lion

• Giraffe

• Dog

• Giraffe

A person stays awake until 3:00 a.m. after having been awake since 7:00 a.m. the previous day. Which combination best explains why they are likely to experience strong sleepiness?

• Process S has increased with prolonged wakefulness, while Process C is also promoting sleep at that time

• Process S remains constant, while Process C is determined entirely by the amount of exercise performed

• Process S increases only during sleep, while Process C disappears during the night

• Process S has decreased during wakefulness, while Process C is promoting alertness

• Process S has increased with prolonged wakefulness, while Process C is also promoting sleep at that time

Sleep pressure is increasing as well as C rhythm telling the body it’s time to go to bed

According to the two-process model of sleep regulation, which two processes interact to regulate sleep and wakefulness?

• REM sleep and non-REM sleep

• Process S (homeostatic sleep pressure) and Process C (circadian timing)

• Light exposure and body temperature

• Melatonin and cortisol

• Process S (homeostatic sleep pressure) and Process C (circadian timing)

Which statement best describes sleep homeostasis?

• The tendency for circadian rhythms to become synchronized with meal times

• The process by which light exposure determines the timing of sleep

• The tendency for sleep duration to remain exactly the same every night

• The biological process that increases the pressure to sleep as time awake accumulates and reduces it during sleep

• The biological process that increases the pressure to sleep as time awake accumulates and reduces it during sleep

Sort these Neurotransmitters into their respective promoting Sleep vs. Wake Categories

1. GABA

2. Corftisol

3. Billirubin

4. Glycine

5.  Orexin

6. Histamine 

7. Adenosine

Sleep:

1. GABA

2. Adenosine

3. Glycine

Wake:

1. Orexin

2. Cortisol

3. Histamine

N/a:

1. Billirubin

Please sort these Brain Regions into their respective promoting Sleep vs. Wake Categories

1. Sublateral Dorsal Nucleus 

2. Raphe Nuclei

3. Pineal Gland

4. Occipital Cortex 

5. LC (Locus Coeruleus)

6. ARAS (Ascending Reticular Activating System)

7. VLPO (Ventrolateral Preoptic Nucleus)

Sleep:

1. VLPO

2. SDN

3. Pineal Gland

Wake:

1. LC

2. ARAS

3. Raphe Nuclei

N/a

1. Occipital Cortex - has nothing to do with sleep

Please sort these Medicines or Supplements into their respective promoting Sleep vs. Wake Categories

• Bendryl (Antihistamine)

• Prednisone (Corticosteroids)

• Melatonin

• Probiotics

• Caffeine

• Alcohol

• Adderall (Amphetamine)

Sleep:

1. Bendryl (Antihistamine)

2. Melatonin

3. Alcohol

Wake:

1. Caffeine

2. Adderall (Amphetamine)

3. Prednisone (Corticosteroids)

N/a:

1. Probiotics

Please sort these Activities into their respective promoting Sleep vs. Wake Categories:

• Meditation

• Lying on the beach

• Relaxation Exercises

• Watching Sports

• Using Smartphones in Bed

• Talking

• Standing

Sleep:

• Meditation

• Lying on the beach

• Relaxation Exercises

Wake:

• Watching Sports

• Using Smartphones in Bed

• Talking

N/a:

• Standing

Why is the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) often called the brain’s “master clock”?

• It directly produces most of the brain’s neurotransmitters

• It detects sleep pressure and determines when a person needs to sleep

• It produces GABA to initiate sleep

• It coordinates approximately 24-hour biological rhythms and uses environmental light information to help synchronize them

• It coordinates approximately 24-hour biological rhythms and uses environmental light information to help synchronize them

Which statement correctly matches a sleep-related neurochemical with its role or a common over-the-counter medication?

• Orexin promotes sleep, and melatonin blocks orexin receptors to produce wakefulness

• Histamine promotes wakefulness, and many antihistamines can cause drowsiness by blocking histamine receptors

• Melatonin is a primary wake-promoting neurotransmitter released by the VLPO

• GABA promotes wakefulness, and antihistamines increase GABA release

• Histamine promotes wakefulness, and many antihistamines can cause drowsiness by blocking histamine receptors

Which example best illustrates a negative feedback loop involved in the molecular circadian clock?

• GABA stimulates the VLPO, which then stimulates wake-promoting neurons

• Clock proteins accumulate and eventually inhibit the molecular processes that produced them, helping generate a roughly 24-hour cycle

• Increasing light exposure permanently increases SCN activity

• It produces GABA to initiate sleep

• Clock proteins accumulate and eventually inhibit the molecular processes that produced them, helping generate a roughly 24-hour cycle

Which brain region is best described as the “sleep switch” because it promotes sleep by inhibiting wake-promoting systems?

• Ventrolateral preoptic area (VLPO)

• Hippocampus

• Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

• Cerebellum

• Ventrolateral preoptic area (VLPO)

Categorize each dream report snippet into it's respective sleep stage category.

1. "I catch snippets of sounds. Someone opening a door. Someone shouting or crashing into something. A musical chord. The sound of an engine. They are there and gone in an instant." 

2. "I felt like I was stepping off a curb and my leg actually jerked. I saw a quick flash of a sidewalk, but nothing else."

3. "I was trying to figure out a logic puzzle. It felt very taxing and repetitive, like my brain was stuck on a loop of a math problem, but I couldn't see the numbers."

4. "I remember the word 'Boston.' Just the word, or the idea of the city. There was no picture of it, just a heavy feeling that I was supposed to be there."

5. "I wanted to get my classes changed, but first, I wanted to get my geometry class changed back to Mr. St's. I suppose I was at someone else's house, and Mr. St called, to check on this person, to see if they were cutting class. I connected Mr. St to the parents of the household, and as I hung up, I commented: "You know, Mr. St does sound like the President over the phone."

6. "I was in an airplane which was trying to land on top of a car. All passengers were panic-stricken and speaking of death and what they had or had not accomplished in their lives. All accepted the inevitability of death. One man died of a heart attack and the woman next to him collapsed. I said that everyone should parachute out and, as I was falling, I awoke."

7. "I feel hungry and really want a sandwich. Makes me remember the turkey club I had yesterday, it was so good. That makes me think what I have in my fridge, as I'd really like to make a sandwich."

N1:

1. "I felt like I was stepping off a curb and my leg actually jerked. I saw a quick flash of a sidewalk, but nothing else."

2. "I catch snippets of sounds. Someone opening a door. Someone shouting or crashing into something. A musical chord. The sound of an engine. They are there and gone in an instant." 

N3:

1. "I was trying to figure out a logic puzzle. It felt very taxing and repetitive, like my brain was stuck on a loop of a math problem, but I couldn't see the numbers."

2. "I remember the word 'Boston.' Just the word, or the idea of the city. There was no picture of it, just a heavy feeling that I was supposed to be there."

REM:

1. "I was in an airplane which was trying to land on top of a car. All passengers were panic-stricken and speaking of death and what they had or had not accomplished in their lives. All accepted the inevitability of death. One man died of a heart attack and the woman next to him collapsed. I said that everyone should parachute out and, as I was falling, I awoke."

2. "I wanted to get my classes changed, but first, I wanted to get my geometry class changed back to Mr. St's. I suppose I was at someone else's house, and Mr. St called, to check on this person, to see if they were cutting class. I connected Mr. St to the parents of the household, and as I hung up, I commented: "You know, Mr. St does sound like the President over the phone."

N/a:

1. "I feel hungry and really want a sandwich. Makes me remember the turkey club I had yesterday, it was so good. That makes me think what I have in my fridge, as I'd really like to make a sandwich."

According to research on the frequency of dreaming, which of the following statements is true?

• Dreaming is a rare occurrence that only happens during periods of extreme stress.

• People only dream during the first REM period of the night.

• Scientific evidence suggests that everyone dreams every night, even if they do not remember doing so.

• Only about 6% of the population dreams every night

• Scientific evidence suggests that everyone dreams every night, even if they do not remember doing so.

When people report a vivid dream after waking up in the morning, their dream most likely occurred during which stage of sleep?

• N1

• N2

• N3

• REM

• REM

What is a primary difference between "home" dream reports and "lab" dream reports?

• Lab dreams are usually much more violent and sexual than home dreams.

• People never dream about their actual environment when they are in a sleep laboratory. 

• Home dreams are often more notable or unusual because they are "selected" for recall, whereas lab dreams provide a broader sample of mundane, ordinary content.

• There are no measurable differences in content between dreams recalled at home and those recalled in a lab.

• Home dreams are often more notable or unusual because they are "selected" for recall, whereas lab dreams provide a broader sample of mundane, ordinary content.

Which of the following activities is notably absent from the typical dream, despite being common in waking life?

• Reading, writing, or calculating

• Friendly social interactions 

• Physical activity and movement

• Changes in setting or location

• Reading, writing, or calculating

Which statement best describes the "continuity principle" of dreaming central to contemporary neurocognitive theories?

• Dreaming is an automatic process that literalizes the events of the day in chronological order.

• Dreams are visits to a different world that has no relation to our daily life.

• Dreams are psychological products of the dreamer's mind and are continuous with their waking personal concerns, experiences, and interests

• Dreams serve to compensate for the emotional lacks or imbalances of the previous day.

• Dreams are psychological products of the dreamer's mind and are continuous with their waking personal concerns, experiences, and interests

Which of the following is true regarding the dream experiences of individuals who are blind? 

• People who are totally blind from birth never report having any dreams at all. 

• If an individual becomes totally blind before the age of five, they seldom report visual imagery in their dreams

• Visual clarity in dreams remains perfectly stable for life, even if sight was lost in infancy

• Blind people report fewer dreams involving movement or transportation than sighted people.

• If an individual becomes totally blind before the age of five, they seldom report visual imagery in their dreams

Categorize the following scientific findings about dreams according to dream theories they support.

1. Dreams include symbolic or distorted objects and characters

2. Suppressed thoughts reappear frequently in dreams

3. Prefrontal cortex inactivity causes bizarre logic

4. The brainstem generates random chemical bursts

5. Dreams heavily feature negative, threatening situations

Psychoanalytic theory:

1. Dreams include symbolic or distorted objects and characters

2. Suppressed thoughts reappear frequently in dreams

Activation-Synthesis Theory:

1. The brainstem generates random chemical bursts

2. Prefrontal cortex inactivity causes bizarre logic

Threat Simulation Theory:

1. Dreams heavily feature negative, threatening situations

What has research concluded regarding the emotional content of dreams? 

• Positive emotions are more frequent than negative ones.

• Changes in setting or location

• Emotions appear in about three-fourths of dreams and are overwhelmingly negative.

• Most dreams are completely neutral and devoid of any emotion.

• Emotions appear in about three-fourths of dreams and are overwhelmingly negative.

In the Activation-Synthesis model of dreaming, what is the primary role of the brainstem?

• To evaluate the reality and logic of internal hallucinations.

• To synthesize random signals into a coherent narrative story. 

• To censor unacceptable thoughts before they reach consciousness.

• To provide random internal activation to the forebrain.

• To provide random internal activation to the forebrain.

According to the threat simulation theory of dreams proposed by Revonsuo, what is the primary purpose of dreaming?

• To allow the brain to clear out useless memories and "foam" from the day.

• To rehearse perceptions of threats and practice ways to avoid them in a safe environment.

• To fulfill hidden, unconscious wishes that would be socially unacceptable while awake.

• To predict the exact details of future events through psychic premonitions.

• To rehearse perceptions of threats and practice ways to avoid them in a safe environment.

According to Sigmund Freud’s theory, what is the "latent content" of a dream? 

• The process of transforming unconscious thoughts into visual images.

• The "day residue" or recent waking experiences used to create the dream’s scenery.

• The undisguised, underlying unconscious wishes and thoughts that provide the dream's motive.

• The visual story and events remembered upon awakening.

• The undisguised, underlying unconscious wishes and thoughts that provide the dream's motive.

Which of the following is a significant criticism regarding the scientific validity and practical application of Sigmund Freud’s method of dream interpretation?

• His methods are considered "armchair" theories that are difficult or impossible to test, and different analysts often reach different interpretations of the same dream

• It is generally preferred by modern clinicians because it is a very quick and time-efficient process for patients

• It relies too heavily on objective, empirical data collected from a diverse cross-section of the general population

• It correctly posits that dreams are random, meaningless byproducts of brain activity with no relation to the dreamer’s waking life

• His methods are considered "armchair" theories that are difficult or impossible to test, and different analysts often reach different interpretations of the same dream

Which statement correctly distinguishes glycine from histamine in sleep and wake regulation?

A. Glycine promotes wakefulness, while histamine contributes to REM muscle paralysis

B. Glycine is associated with sleep-related muscle inhibition, while histamine promotes wakefulness

C. Both glycine and histamine primarily promote sleep

D. Both glycine and histamine primarily promote wakefulness

Glycine is associated with sleep-related muscle inhibition, while histamine promotes wakefulness

glycine is the “main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the spinal cord” and is responsible for muscle paralysis during REM, whereas histamine is “involved in producing wakefulness.” Midterm

Memory shortcut

Glycine = Goes limp
Think: glycine → REM muscle paralysis → sleep side.

Histamine = High alert
Think: histamine → wakefulness; blocking it with an antihistamine can make you drowsy.

Which observation provides the best evidence that histamine normally promotes wakefulness?

A. Glycine causes muscle paralysis during REM sleep
B. Melatonin is released during the subjective night
C. Blocking histamine receptors with antihistamines can cause drowsiness
D. Adenosine accumulates during prolonged wakefulness

Blocking histamine receptors with antihistamines can cause drowsiness

histamine’s role in wakefulness is demonstrated by the “drowsiness produced when it is blocked by antihistamine drugs.”

Which group contains only brain regions categorized as sleep-promoting in the course material?

A. ARAS, locus coeruleus, raphe nuclei
B. Pineal gland, sublateral dorsal nucleus, VLPO
C. VLPO, locus coeruleus, occipital cortex
D. Pineal gland, ARAS, raphe nuclei

Pineal gland, sublateral dorsal nucleus, VLPO

• The VLPO is described as the “sleep switch,”

• the pineal gland releases sleep-related melatonin

• sublateral dorsal nucleus is associated with sleep/REM mechanisms.

Which brain region is most directly associated with maintaining cortical arousal and wakefulness?

A. Pineal gland

B. VLPO

C. ARAS (Ascending Reticular Activating System)

D. Sublateral dorsal nucleus

ARAS (Ascending Reticular Activating System)

ARAS has a “key activational role” and activates the cerebral cortex to support wakefulness

ARAS = Arousal
The name itself almost gives it away: Ascending Reticular Activating System

Which statement correctly matches a wake-promoting brain region with its major neurotransmitter?

A. VLPO — norepinephrine
B. Pineal gland — serotonin
C. Locus coeruleus — norepinephrine
D. Occipital cortex — orexin

Locus coeruleus — norepinephrine

locus coeruleus “uses norepinephrine to activate the entire forebrain

Which example best illustrates a negative feedback loop involved in the molecular circadian clock?

A. Increasing light exposure permanently increases SCN activity
B. GABA activates the VLPO, which then activates more GABA indefinitely
C. Clock proteins accumulate and eventually inhibit the molecular processes that produced them, helping generate a roughly 24-hour cycle
D. Histamine builds up until it directly causes sleep

Clock proteins accumulate and eventually inhibit the molecular processes that produced them, helping generate a roughly 24-hour cycle

This is negative feedback because the products of the clock genes eventually suppress the activity that produced them.

Think: Make protein → protein says “STOP making me.”

That is negative feedback.

What happens after clock proteins have accumulated enough to inhibit their own clock genes?

A. The circadian rhythm permanently stops
B. The SCN switches to controlling Process S
C. As the proteins are broken down or altered, inhibition decreases and the genes can become active again
D. Histamine is released to restart the genes

As the proteins are broken down or altered, inhibition decreases and the genes can become active again

when the proteins are gradually altered, the genes are “released from inhibition and the sequence begins again

Which example best illustrates the continuity principle of dreaming?

A. A person dreams an exact chronological replay of everything they did the previous day

B. A person dreams about a completely separate supernatural world unrelated to their experiences

C. A student who is worried about graduation dreams about being late for an important job interview

D. A person’s dream is produced entirely by random brain activity with no connection to waking concerns

A student who is worried about graduation dreams about being late for an important job interview

The dream is not an exact replay, but its content reflects the person’s current waking concern.

Which statement about the continuity principle is most accurate?

A. Dreams contain only experiences that occurred during the previous 24 hours

B. Dreams compensate for whatever emotion was missing during waking life

C. Dreams are exact copies of waking memories

D. Dream content often reflects current concerns, memories, relationships, and emotionally important goals from waking life

Dream content often reflects current concerns, memories, relationships, and emotionally important goals from waking life

dream content is especially related to “current concerns and interests,” particularly emotionally important goals