Human Development Midterm (Ch. 1 -7) Flashcards | Quizlet

What is the definition of child development?

The scientific study of the patterns of growth, change, and stability that occurs from conception through adolescence.

What are the 3 Topical Areas in Child Development?

1. Physical: body's physical make-up (brain, nervous system, muscles, senses, nutrition, sleep)

2. Cognitive: intellectual capabilities (learning, problem solving, memory, intelligence)

3. Social/Personality/Emotional: enduring individual characteristics, interactions with others, and recognizing, expressing, and managing feelings.

What are the age ranges for the periods of child development?

Prenatal period (conception to birth); Infancy and toddlerhood (birth to 3); Preschool period (3 to 6); Middle childhood (6 to 12); Adolescence (12 to 20).

What is collectivistic orientation?

A broad cultural factor emphasizing interdependence among members of society, which is a tendency among children growing up in Asian societies.

What is individualistic orientation?

Concentration on uniqueness of the individual, which is a tendency among children growing up in western societies.

What is a cohort?

A group of people born at around the same time in the same place.

What did John Locke believe regarding child development?

Children are a 'tabula rasa' (blank slate), with no innate characteristics or traits, and are entirely shaped by their experience.

What did Jean-Jacques Rousseau believe regarding child development?

Children are 'noble savages' born with an appropriate sense of right and wrong.

What is the difference between continuous vs. discontinuous change?

In continuous change, development is gradual; discontinuous change occurs in steps or stages.

What is a critical period?

A time in development during which a given event or stimuli has the greatest consequences; originally thought to be immutable.

What is a sensitive period?

A time in development during which individuals are most receptive to environmental stimuli, but consequences of absent stimuli are reversible (plasticity).

What is the id in Freud's psychoanalytic theory?

Raw, unorganized, and innate structure present at birth that represents primitive drives related to hunger, sex, aggression, and irrational impulses, driven entirely by the pleasure principle.

What is the superego in Freud's psychoanalytic theory?

Represents a person's conscience and distinctions between right and wrong, developing around age 5 or 6 and learned from parents, teachers, and other significant figures.

What is the ego in Freud's psychoanalytic theory?

The rational and reasonable structure that acts as a buffer between the real world and the primitive id, operating on the reality principle.

What are the stages of Freud's psychoanalytic development?

Oral (birth to 12-18 months), Anal (12-18 months to 3 years), Phallic (3 to 5-6 years), Latency (5-6 years to adolescence), and Genital (adolescence to adulthood).

What are the 4 steps of Social-Cognitive Learning Theory?

1. Paying attention and perceiving the most critical features of a model's behavior

2. Successfully recalling the behavior

3. Reproducing the behavior accurately

4. Being motivated to learn and carry out the behavior

What are the components of Urie Bronfenbrenner's bioecological approach?

Microsystem (child's immediate surroundings), Mesosystem (interconnections between microsystems), Exosystem (external relationships influencing child directly), Macrosystem (cultural environment), and Chronosystem (life changes and transitions).

What is the difference between monozygotic twins and dizygotic twins?

Monozygotic twins occur when one zygote splits into two (genetically identical); dizygotic twins occur when two zygotes are created from two separate ova.

What is an active gene-environment interaction?

When children actively focus on aspects of their environment that are most relevant with their genetically determined abilities (e.g., an active child gravitating toward sports).

What occurs during the germinal stage of prenatal development?

Lasts 2 weeks right after fertilization. The zygote becomes more complex, travels toward and implants in the uterine wall, and cells specialize to form rudiments of a placenta and umbilical cord.

What occurs during the embryonic stage of prenatal development?

Lasts from 2 to 8 weeks. The organism (embryo) is firmly secured in the uterine wall, major organs and basic anatomy start to develop, and the head and brain undergo rapid growth.

What occurs during the fetal stage of prenatal development?

Lasts from 8 weeks to birth. The child (fetus) undergoes rapid physical change, swallows/urinates by 3 months, develops specific body parts, moves by 4 months, and demonstrates brain waves during sleep and wakefulness.

What is the difference between a miscarriage and a stillbirth?

A miscarriage occurs when a pregnancy ends before the child can survive outside the womb; a stillbirth is the death of a developing child 20 weeks or more after conception.

What five basic qualities are evaluated on the Apgar scale?

Appearance (color), Pulse (heart rate), Grimace (reflex irritability), Activity (muscle tone), and Respiration (respiratory effort).

What occurs in Stage 1 of labor?

Uterine contractions initially occur around every 8 to 10 minutes and end with the dilation of the cervix to 10 cm as the head reaches the cervical opening.

Age-graded influences

events that are strongly related to age and fairly predictable in when they occur and how long they last (e.g, most individuals walk shortly after their first birthday)

History-graded influences

Development is profoundly affected by forces unique to a particular historical era (i.e., epidemics, wars, technological advances)

Nonnormative influences

events that are irregular; they happen to just one person or a few people and do not follow a predictable timetable

Teratogens

Any environmental agent that causes damage during the prenatal period

Effects of Teratogens

•Immediate physical damage

•Delayed health effects

•Psychological consequences which occur indirectly, as a result of physical damage (e.g., parent-child interaction, peer relations; less resiliency)

•Bidirectional influences between child and environment

Thalidomide

•When taken by mothers 4-6 weeks after conception, it produced gross deformities of the embryo’s arms and legs. Children scored below average in intelligence.

Accutane

•Prescribed to treat acne; exposure during the first trimester resulted in eye, ear, skull, brain, heart, and immune system abnormalities.

Aspirin

•Linked to low birth weight, infant death around time of birth, poor motor development, lower intelligence scores in early childhood.

Caffeine

high doses increase risks of low birth weight

Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD)

•term that encompasses a range of physical, mental, and behavioral outcome caused by prenatal alcohol exposure

Nutrition

without good what Prenatal malnutrition can cause serious damage to the central nervous system?

Emotional stress

Intense anxiety is associated with higher rates of miscarriage, low birth weight, respiratory and digestive illnesses, sleep disturbances

Maternal age

Complication rates increase after age 40, with a sharp rise among women age 50-55.  Infants born to teenagers have higher rate of problems.

•Inadequate prenatal care is more common among what mothers.  Their infants are 3 times more likely to be born underweight and 5 times as likely to die compared to mothers who receive early medical attention.

adolescent and low-income, ethnic-minority

Situational barriers

arranging transportation

personal barriers

ambivalence about pregnancy, family crises

Infant & Toddler Intelligence Tests

•Emphasize perceptual and motor responses

Intelligence quotient (IQ)

•indicates the extent to which the raw score deviates from the typical performance of same-age individuals

Standardization

giving the test to a large, representative sample and using the results as the standard for interpreting scores

Normal distribution

most scores cluster around the mean, with progressively fewer scores falling toward the extremes

When intelligence tests are standardized

the mean IQ is set at 100

Most infant tests ___ predict later intelligence.

poorly

Most infant test scores are labeled what rather that IQs, because they do not assess the same dimensions of intelligence as in older children?

developmental quotients (DQs)

Infant tests are largely used for what?

screening

screening

helping to identify for further observation and intervention babies who are likely to have developmental problems

Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment (HOME)

checklist for gathering information about the quality of the children’s home lives through observation and parental interview

•Organized, stimulating physical setting and parental affection, involvement, and encouragement of new skills predict what?

better language and IQ scores in toddlerhood and early childhood.

•Extent to which parents talk to infants and toddlers contributes to what

early language progress.

Home Subscale

•Emotional/verbal responsiveness

•Parental acceptance of the child

•Organization of physical environ.

•Provision of play materials

•Parental involvement with child

How many U.S. mothers with a child under age 2 are employed?

More than 60%

•Reports on U.S. child care raise concerns, why?

most offer substandard care.

Developmentally Appropriate Child Care

•Physical setting (•Clean; outdoor play space;)

•Toys and equipment (•Play materials appropriate)

•Caregiver-child ratio (•1:3 ratio for infants; 1:6 for toddlers)

•Daily activities (•Daily schedule; warm atmosphere)

•Interactions w/adults & children (•Caregivers hold, talk, sing, and read)

•Caregiver qualifications (•Child development training; safety)

Licensing and accreditation (•Licensed by state)

Center-based interventions

children attend an organized child care program and their parents receive child-rearing supports

Home-based interventions

a skilled adult visits the home and works with parents, teaching them how to stimulate the young child’s development

Early Head Start

supported by Congress for at-risk infants and toddlers, or those with serious developmental problems

child says first word

Approximately 12 months

•toddlers combine 2 words

Around 1 ½ - 2 years

children understand the meaning of about 10,000 words, speak in elaborate sentences, and are skilled conversationalists

By age 6

Cooing

around 2 months, babies make vowel-like noises

•Babbling

around 6 months, infants repeat consonant-vowel combinations in long strings

understand word meanings, such as mommy

Second half of first year

•Underextension

when young children first learn words, they sometimes apply them too narrowly.

Overextension

applying a word to a wider collection of objects, and events than is appropriate.

Telegraphic speech

these 2 word utterances because they focus on high-content words, omitting smaller, less important ones

Children typically say their first word around when?

8-18 months due to genetic & environmental influences

Girls are slightly ahead of boys in what?

early vocabulary growth

•Mothers talk more to who than to boys?

toddler-age girls

parents converse how often with shy children?

less

Infant-directed speech (IDS)

•a form of communication made up of short sentences with high-pitched, exaggerated expression, clear pronunciation, distinct pauses between speech segments, and repetition of new words in a variety of contexts

Infants prefer IDS over what?

other adult talk

Strategies in Supporting Early Language Learning

•Respond to coos and babbles with speech sounds and words

•Establish joint attention, and comment on what child sees

•Play social games, such as pat-a-cake and peekaboo

Consequences in Supporting Early Language Learning

•Encourages experimentation with sound; later blended into words

•Predicts earlier onset of language; faster vocabulary development

•Provides experience with the turn-taking pattern of conversation

•By end of preschool years, they lose what?

their primary teeth

what children are shorter in height?

Low SES

Poor diet makes children more susceptible to what?

disease

•Disease contributes to what?

malnutrition.

•Diseases decline with what?

immunization.

•U.S. ranks poorly with what?

preventable injuries

•Temperament and personality plays a role in what?

Childhood Injuries

•Preschoolers spend ___ times involved in tasks; easily distracted.

shorter

By the end of early childhood, they become better at planning. what does that mean?

•thinking out a sequence of acts ahead of time and allocating attention accordingly to reach a goal.

•If tasks are what, 5 year olds can generate and follow a plan.

not too complex

•Recognition memory

ability to tell whether a stimulus is the same or similar to one he/she has seen before

•Recall

generating a mental image of an abstract stimulus

•Rehearse

repeat items over and over to remember

•Organize

group together items that are alike (to easily retrieve them by thinking of their similar characteristics)

•Episodic memory

memory for everyday experiences

•Scripts

general descriptions of what occurs and when it occurs in a particular situation; helps organize and interpret everyday experiences

•Autobiographical memory

representations of personally meaningful, one-time events; as children talk about the past, they improve this

• who report earlier age of first memory and more vivid early memories?

Women

Preschool

program with planned educational experiences aimed at enhancing the development of 2-5 year olds

•Child care

refers to a variety of arrangements for supervising children

•Many U.S. preschools and public school kindergartens have what?

increased hours from ½ day to full days.

Child-centered programs

teachers provide a variety of activities from which children select, and much learning takes place through play

Academic programs

•teachers structure children’s learning, teaching letters, numbers, colors, shapes, and other academic skills through formal lessons, often using repetition and drill