K201 Exam 1 (Chapters 3-6)

Hardware

The physical equipment used in the system.

Software

The programs and instructions that tell the hardware what to do.

Business value of information systems

-Operational efficiency

-Financial performance

-Decision making enhancement

-Customer value creation

-Strategic alignment

The data to wisdom hierarchy (DIKW)

Data, Information, Knowledge, Wisdom (In that order in a pyramid, data at the bottom)

Data collection

Gathering data from many sources: sales transactions, customer information forms, website visits, social media interactions, and even sensors in stores or factories.

Data storage

Involves keeping data safe and accessible

Data quality

Making sure the data is accurate and reliable. Bad data leads to bad decisions

Data governance

Involves setting rules about how data should be managed.

Data security and privacy

Protecting data from unauthorized access while respecting customer privacy.

Data

The raw facts and figures that the system collects, stores, and processes.

Procedures

Steps involved in using the information system to achieve a specific goal.

People

The users who interact with the system, including employees, customers, and other stakeholders.

Automation

Moves work from human side to computer side

Human side of the five component model of information systems

Procedures, people

Computer side of the five component model of information systems

Hardware, software

Information

Organized data that is put into context

Knowledge

-Happens when we understand patterns and relationships in information

-Helps answer "how" questions

Wisdom

-Involves using knowledge to make good judgments and decisions

-Answers "why" questions and helps with difficult choices.

-Top of DIKY hierarchy, businesses strive to turn data into this

Data integration

Bringing together data from different sources so it can be used effectively.

Relational database

-Organizes data into tables (similar to spreadsheets) with rows and columns.

-These tables can be connected or related to each other.

Customer relationship management (CRM)

Databases store information about customers, their interactions with the company, and their purchase history.

Inventory management

Databases track product information, stock levels, locations, and movement.

Financial databases

Maintain employee records, including personal information, job details, performance reviews, and benefits.

E-commerce databases

Power online stores by storing product catalogs, customer accounts, orders, and payment information.

The value of data driven decision making

-Reduced risk and uncertainty

-Faster response to changes

-More objective decisions

-Continuous improvement

-Competitive advantage

-Resource optimization

Structured data

Data organized in ways that ensure data are consistent and reliable.

Stored data

Data nanaged within systems to ensure accuracy and accessibility.

Analyzed data

Data processed to uncover patterns and trends in support of decision-making.

Transaction processing systems (TPS)

-Handles the day-to-day basic business transactions that keep a company running.

-The workhorse of business information systems

Management information systems (MIS)

Takes the data collected by TPS and turns it into useful reports that help managers run the business.

Decision support systems (DSS)

-Helps managers make better decisions for complex or non-routine problems.

-Interactive and allows users to explore data in different ways to support specific decisions.

Executive information systems (EIS)

-Designed specifically for top executives to monitor the overall performance of the organization.

Enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems

Integrates all major business functions into a single system with a shared database.

Table

A collection of related data

Row

Represents a single record in a table such as "student" or "course"

Column

Represents a specific attribute of the data in a table such as "name" or "ID number"

Primary key

A unique identifier for each record in a table such as a student ID number.

Foreign key

A field in one table that links to a primary key in another table

Structured query language (SQL)

The language used by relational databases

Why data is stored in separate tables in relational databases

-Avoids data redundancy

-Maintains data consistency

Benefits associated with relational databases

-Enforces data integrity through foreign, primary keys, etc.

-Reduces anomalies

-Optimized queries

-Faster access

-Modular design

-Reusability

-Easier updates and management

-Better organization

Query

A request for information from a database

Optimized queries

SQL allows complex queries to be performed across multiple tables

Relational database management system

-Needed to develop a relational database.

-Designed to create, manage, store, and retrieve data organized in a relational data model

MySQL

-An open-source relational database management system widely used in web applications, including many high-profile websites and platforms.

-Known for its reliability, ease of use, and broad support in the development community.

Oracle

-A powerful, enterprise-grade RDBMS known for its robustness, scalability, and extensive feature set.

-Commonly used in large enterprises for mission-critical applications, financial systems, and large-scale data processing.

Microsoft SQL server

-A comprehensive RDBMS developed by Microsoft, known for its integration with other Microsoft products and services.

-Used in various business applications, including data warehousing, e-commerce, and enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems.

IBM DB2

-An enterprise-grade RDBMS developed by IBM, offering high performance, reliability, and advanced data management capabilities.

-Often used in large-scale enterprises, financial institutions, and industries requiring robust data processing capabilities.

Microsoft access

-RDBMS developed by mircosoft

-Combines the relational Microsoft Jet Database Engine with a graphical user interface and software-development tools.

=Used in small-medium sized database solutions

Benefits of Microsoft Access

-Ease of use

-Cost effective

-Simple setup and maintenance

-Integrated with Microsoft Office

-Rapid development

-No server requirement

-Adequate for small data volumes

Data types

Determine the kind of values that can be held in a column (field), and govern the way data is stored, validated, and handled in a relational database

Benefits of proper selection of data types

-Data consistency and validation

-Storage optimization

-Query performance

-Space efficiency

-Compatibility and interoperability

-Data integrity constraints

Short text

-255 characters

-Alphanumeric values (letters, numbers, symbols)

Long text

-1 GB

-Longer alphanumeric values (sentences and paragraphs)

Number

-1, 2, 4, or 8 bytes

-Used for both integer and decimal values

Date/time

-8 bytes

-Dates from 1/1/100 to 12/31/9999

-Times from 00:00:00 (midnight) to 23:59:59

Currency

-8 bytes

-Monetary data

-Up to 4 decimal places of precision

AutoNumber

-Unique, long integer value generated by Access for each new record.

Yes/no

-1 byte

-Boolean (True/False) data values

-Stores 0 for false and -1 for true

Referential integrity

Ensures that data references in one table always corresponds to valid entries in another table

Format

Determines how values are displayed

Caption

Used to create an alternative label to be displayed instead of the field name.

Lookup field

A menu of items that users can select from, rather than having to manually type the values they want to enter.

Forces values to be displayed in uppercase

Purpose of setting field property to >

Required?

This property establishes weather values must be entered when creating records

Input mask

Controls the format of entered data

Validation rule

A set of conditions or criteria that data must meet before it can be saved in a database or system

Normalization

Minimizing data redundancy by splitting data into separate tables

The network effect

The value of a product or service increases as more people use it

Allow zero length property

Determines if a zero length string ("") is a valid entry in a data field

Indexed property

Speeds up searches and sorts

New values property

Controls weather the Autonumber field increments sequentially or randomly

One to many relationship

A relationship where one record in a table can be linked to many records in another table, but not vice versa

Junction table

Used to manage complex many to many relationships by connecting two tables with foreign keys