bio111 exam 3

what is the first fundamental characteristic of all living things

made up of cells

what is the fourth characteristic of all living things

acquire & use energy

why do cells use and acquire energy

it is needed for metabolic processes

what are the different types of energy that work and supply heat

kinetic energy(Ek) and potential energy (Ep)

what is a form of kinetic energy

activation energy (Ea)

what is kinetic energy

the energy of motion

what is potential energy

stored energy

what is a form of potential energy

Gibb’s free energy (G)

what do enzymes help cells do

energy transformation

second law of thermodynamics

entropy is always increasing

what is the first law of thermodynamics

energy is not created nor destroyed

why are cells called “chemical factories”?

they perform thousands of chemical reactions

what do cells use to carry out chemical reactions

energy

what is metabolism

all of the chemical reactions and transformations in a cell

what does “metabole” mean

change

what is an example of a metabolic process

photosynthesis

what is an example of a metabolic change

cell respiration

what does the triangle mean

delta

what does delta mean

change

what is the formula for delta G

G products - G reactants

describe a negative delta G

spontaneous

negative delta G is ____________ because ____________

exergonic; they release energy

describe positive delta G

never spontaneous

positive delta G is _________ because _________

endergonic; they always need energy input

what does an exergonic graph look like

what does an endergonic graph look like

how are endergonic and exergonic reactions interlinked

cells couple the reactions using ATP

how is ATP used in endergonic and exergonic reactions

it stores energy released from exergonic reactions, then delivers energy to endergonic reactions that need it

delta G and activation energy are ____________

separate

what are the enzyme sidekicks

cofactors & coenzymes

what are cofactors

inorganic metal ions like Zn 2+, Mg 2+, Fe 2+ that help enzymes function normally

what are coenzymes

electron carriers

what are coenzymes electron carriers

FADH2, NADH, NADPH

what do electron carriers (FADH2, NADH, NADPH) provide?

link for redox

what is being moved during energy transfer

electrons

_______ follow _______ in energy transfer

electrons; protons

what are the redox reactions

oxidation and reduction

what is oxidation

loss of electrons

what is reduction

gain of electrons

what do all organisms need?

cellular respiration

why do organisms need cellular respiration

to transform potential energy stored in carbohydrate bonds and store it as potential energy in ATP

if O2 is in the reactant side of the equation the reaction is _________

aerobic

where is energy stored at the end of cellular respiration

in ATP’s bonds and can be used to power endergonic reactions

how can cells release chemical energy

photosynthesis and cellular respiration

describe photosynthesis

endergonic & anabolic (“to build up”)

releases CO2 as well as needs it

only possible with cells that contain chloroplasts

describe cellular respiration

exergonic & catabolic (“to break down”)

energy releasing in mitochondria

needs CO2 (aerobic)

in all cells

what are the stages of cellular respiration

glycolysis

pyruvate processing

citric acid cycle

electron transport & oxidative phosphorylation

what is glycolysis

it breaks down glucose (6C) into two molecules of pyruvate (3C each)

what happens during glycolysis

NAD+ is reduced to NADH

where does glycolysis occur

in the cytosol

what are the major phases of glycolysis

energy investments & energy payoffs

what is pyruvate processing

it is when each of the 3C pyruvate is oxidized into a 2C acetylene-CoA

what happens during pyruvate processing

more NAD+ is reduced to NADH

what is the citric acid cycle

it oxidizes acetyl-CoA to CO2

what happens during the citric acid cycle

NAD+ is reduced to NADH

and

FAD is reduced to FADH2

what is the electron transport chain & oxidative phosphorylation

it is when most of the NADH and FADH2 drop off their electrons at the electron transport chain (ETC)

what happens during ETC & oxidative phosphorylation

after many redox reactions here, lots of ATP is made

what is the energy investment phase

the first half of cellular respiration

the energy investment phase uses how much ATP to phosphorylate intermediate compounds

2

what enzyme is involved in the energy investment phase

enzyme #3

what is enzyme #3

phosphofructokinase

what is phosphofructokinase

an important regulatory point of no return

what can phosphofructokinase influence

feedback inhibition

what is the energy payoff phase

the second half of glycolysis

what happens during the energy payoff phase

each NAD+ gains 2 electrons to be used later and is reduced into NADH

____ follow electrons

hydrogen ions

what is the ATP in the energy payoff phase used for

to “pay back” what was used up in the first half of glycolysis

what does the ATP in the energy payoff phase represent

a net gain

what is ATP made from in glycolysis

substrate-level phosphorylation

how is ATP made from substrate-level phosphorylation

both pyruvate are oxidized as they move into the matrix of the mitochondria

how is each pyruvate converted into acetyl-CoA

pyruvate dehydrogenase with a C oxidized to CO2 from each

where does the citric acid cycle occur

in the matrix of the mitochondria

Acetyl-CoA - CoA =

acetylene (2C)

acetyl + oxaloacetate (4C) =39.2 °F

citrate (6C)

what does the citric acid cycle generate

1 ATP, 3 NADH, 1 FADH2, and 2CO2 per cycle

how does the citric acid cycle generate 1 ATP, 3 NADH, 1 FADH2, and 2CO2

the steps are catalyzed by enzymes

what can oxygen lead to

uncontrollable exergonic reactions

what can help to prevent oxygen from having uncontrollable reactions

the electron transport chain

when does oxidative phosphorylation occur

occurs as the fourth stage of cellular respiration

what happens during oxidative phosphorylation

NADH and FADH2 move most of the energy extracted from food and hold onto the electrons

why does oxidative phosphorylation hold onto electrons

it is used to power ATP synthesis

which protein is not used as a component of the ETC

ubiquinone (enzyme Q)

what is enzyme Q

a carbon ring with isoprene attached

what are the similarities to cellular respiration (Q) and photosynthesis (PQ)

both hydrophobic, both move within the membrane of their respective organelles, bath carry electrons, hydrogen ions follow both and move out of one space into another

what does the build up of hydrogen ions lead to

making ATP

in cellular respiration, when NADH is oxidized to NAD+, it reduces to _______

Complex I

how does NAD+ reduce to complex I

hydrogen ions follow electrons and are pumped into the intermembrane space

in cellular respiration, when FADH2 is oxidized to FAD, it reduces to _______

complex II

what allows cellular respiration (Q) to move through the membrane

the electrons from complexes I & II reduce Q

how do we get from complex III to complex IV

Q arrives at complex III and is oxidized as it reduces to complex IV

in cellular respiration, where do all of the hydrogen ions follow along to during the ETC

they are pumped into the intermembrane space

in cellular respiration, what do the electrons from complexes II reduce to

cytochrome C

what is the proton motive force

the potential energy of the build up of hydrogen ions is transformed into kinetic energy and is transformed into the potential bonds of ATP

what powers ATP synthesis

ETC

in cellular respiration, how much of the energy in a glucose molecule is transformed into ATP

40%

in cellular respiration, where does the other 60% of energy in a glucose molecule transform into

it is lost as heat

in cellular respiration, 80% of the 40% is released from glucose and is held by the 10 NADH to be delivered by what

ETC

what is photosynthesis

it converts solar kinetic energy and is stored into potential chemical energy

what are autotrophs

they make organic molecules from CO2 and inorganic molecules

what are photoautotrophs

they use light to fix C