Pediatric Speech, Language, ASD, Cleft Palate, and Fluency Disorders

Practice flashcards in question-and-answer format covering pediatric speech sound disorders, child language disorders, autism spectrum disorder, cleft lip and palate, and stuttering.

According to the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), how many sounds are present in the English language?

English has $42$ sounds.

What is a phoneme?

The smallest unit of meaning in a language.

Which place of consonant articulation is identified as the most common?

Lingua-alveolar, where obstruction occurs behind the upper teeth ($t$, $d$, $n$, $s$, $z$, $l$).

Which manner of consonant articulation represents the largest type?

Fricatives, which involve partial obstruction of airflow (/f/, /v/, /θ/, /ð/, /s/, /z/, /ʃ/, /ʒ/, and /h/).

What sound class is acquired first during phonological development?

Vowels are acquired first.

What consonants are typically acquired between $2$ and $3$ years of age?

The consonants $m$, $b$, and $w$.

What is canonical babbling and during what age range does it occur?

Canonical babbling occurs from $6$ to $9$ months and involves combining consonants and vowels without any meaning.

What percentage of preschool children are affected by speech sound disorders?

Speech sound disorders affect $15\%$ of preschool children.

What structural condition is defined by a short tendon connecting the underside of the tongue to the floor of the mouth?

Ankyloglossia, which restricts the mobility of the tongue.

How is Childhood Apraxia of Speech characterized?

A neurological disorder that impairs the child's ability to organize and plan the sequence of speech, characterized by inconsistency in misarticulations.

What four speech sound error patterns are represented by the acronym SODA?

Substitutions, Omissions, Distortions, and Additions.

In the Percent Consonants Correct (PCC) metric, what percentage threshold classifies an impairment as severe?

More than $50\%$ of consonants not produced.

What is the difference between age of mastery and age of suppression?

Age of mastery is the age by which a sound should be acquired, while age of suppression is the age at which normal developmental phonological patterns should be eliminated.

How does the cycles approach target speech sound disorders?

By targeting one troubled speech area for $2$ weeks, then the next for $2$ weeks, and determining at the end of the cycle if overall speech improved before repeating if necessary.

What three components constitute the form of language?

Phonology, morphology, and syntax.

What is the distinction between free and bound morphemes?

Free morphemes carry meaning on their own and cannot be further reduced (e.g., play, safe), whereas bound morphemes have no standalone meaning and must combine with another morpheme (e.g., -ing, -s).

What is fast mapping and at what age range does it typically emerge?

Fast mapping occurs from $18$ to $24$ months and refers to children connecting a word to an object after minimal interactions.

What are the four techniques used simultaneously in child-centered language intervention?

Self talk, parallel talk, description, and language expansion.

What percentage of individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) achieve a diagnosis by age $6$?

$56\%$ achieve a diagnosis by age $6$.

Are Speech-Language Pathologists (SLPs) permitted to diagnose Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)?

No, SLPs cannot diagnose ASD; they refer parents to family doctors who can refer to specialists.

What are the three cognitive theories of Autism Spectrum Disorder presented in the notes?

Theory of mind, executive functioning disorder, and weak central cohesion.

During which gestational weeks does facial development and fusing occur in the embryo?

Facial development and fusing occur during the first $4$ to $10$ weeks.

What are the typical surgical timelines for repairing cleft lip versus cleft palate?

Cleft lip repair is typically done around $3$ months, while cleft palate repair is done around $9$ to $15$ months.

What condition in cleft palate leads to excess nasal airflow and hypernasal speech?

Velopharyngeal insufficiency (VPI).

What percentage of young children who experience typical disfluency will not carry on stuttering?

$75\%$ of children will not carry on stuttering.

At what age range does developmental stuttering typically start?

Developmental stuttering typically starts between $2$ and $5$ years of age.

How does cluttering differ from developmental stuttering regarding self-awareness and stress?

Individuals with cluttering are not aware of or concerned about their abnormal rate of speech, and they exhibit more fluency under stress or when paying attention to their speech.

What is the goal and target population of the Lidcombe program?

It targets preschool-aged children with the goal of completely eliminating stuttering through daily parent-implemented reinforcement.

What are covert characteristics of developmental stuttering?

Learned secondary behaviors and emotional responses—such as bodily movements, head/facial movements, loss of eye contact, and communication avoidance—that develop over time.

How does acquired neurogenic stuttering differ from developmental stuttering across speaking situations?

In neurogenic stuttering, disfluency remains consistent across situations, with few covert characteristics or negative feelings associated with the stutter.