a&p of speech lecture 11

Source-Filter Theory

Source-Filter Theory: Power Source

Supplies energy for speech. Lungs and diaphragm.

Source-Filter Theory: Sound Source

Produces the sound. Larynx.

Source-Filter Theory: Resonating Filter

Shapes the sound. Vocal tract (mouth/nose/throat structures).

Which structures are the power source for speech?

Lungs and diaphragm

Which structure is the sound source for speech?

Larynx

Which structures act as the resonating filter?

The vocal tract above the larynx (oral and nasal cavities, etc.), which shapes the sound

Power source vs. sound source vs. filter (order of function)

Power (lungs/diaphragm) supplies energy, then sound source (larynx) produces sound, then filter (vocal tract) shapes it

Major divisions of the skull

Cranium, facial skeleton, and structures within the skull (sinuses, cavities, sutures)

Cranium

Part of the skull that encloses and protects the brain

Facial skeleton

Bones that form the face (e.g., maxilla, zygomatic bones, nasal bones, mandible)

Structures found within the skull

Sinuses, cavities, and sutures

Cranial bones covered in this lecture

Frontal (1), parietal (2), occipital (1), temporal (2), sphenoid (1), ethmoid (1)

How many frontal bones?

1

How many parietal bones?

2

How many occipital bones?

1

How many temporal bones?

2

How many sphenoid bones?

1

Ethmoid bone: location/role

Forms part of the cranial base, the orbital walls, and the roof of the nose

Ethmoid bone: perpendicular plate

Forms the bony septum (along with the vomer); divides the nose in half

Bony nasal septum is formed by

Perpendicular plate of the ethmoid + vomer

Ethmoid bone: conchae (turbinates)

3 shelves on each side of the nose in total

Conchae: another name

Turbinates

Superior and middle conchae

Two shelves that are part of the ethmoid bone

Inferior concha

The 3rd shelf. It is a separate bone, NOT part of the ethmoid.

Which concha is its own separate bone?

Inferior nasal concha

Which conchae belong to the ethmoid?

Superior and middle (medial) nasal conchae

Function of the conchae

Interrupt the air stream so air is warmed and cleaned efficiently

Medial nasal concha

Another label for the middle concha (ethmoid)

Total conchae in the nose

3 per side (6 total): superior, middle, inferior

Latin name: inferior nasal concha

Concha nasalis inferior

Frontal bone: common name

Forehead bone

Frontal bone: orbital role

Forms the roof of the orbits (eye sockets)

Orbits

Eye sockets

Frontal bone: zygomatic process

Joins with the zygomatic bone (cheek bone)

Zygomatic bone

Cheek bone

Process (anatomy definition)

Spine that sticks out to form a connection

Which bone does the frontal bone's zygomatic process connect to?

Zygomatic bone (cheek bone)

Latin name: frontal bone

Os frontale

Parietal bones: location

Form the sides of the cranium

Latin name: parietal bone

Os parietale

Occipital bone: location

Forms the back and base of the skull

Foramen magnum

Hole in the occipital bone through which the spinal cord passes, leading into the brainstem

Occipital condyles

Located on either side of the foramen magnum. The atlas (C1) articulates with the skull here.

Which vertebra articulates with the occipital condyles?

Atlas (C1)

External occipital protuberance

Small bump at the back of the head (occipital bone)

Occipital bone: 3 key landmarks

Foramen magnum, occipital condyles, external occipital protuberance

Where does the spinal cord pass into the skull?

Foramen magnum (occipital bone)

Temporal bones: location

Side of head, below the parietal bones

Temporal bones: contents

Contain the hearing and balance mechanisms

Temporal bone: 3 processes

Mastoid, zygomatic, styloid

Mastoid process

Part of the temporal bone located behind the ear

Temporal bone: zygomatic process

Joins with the zygomatic bone

Styloid process

Finger-like projection from the base of the temporal bone

External auditory meatus

Ear canal opening, located in the temporal bone

Which bones have a zygomatic process?

Frontal bone and temporal bone

Which bone contains hearing and balance mechanisms?

Temporal bone

Latin name: temporal bone

Os temporale

Sphenoid bone: span

Extends from one side of the skull to the other

Sphenoid bone: base role

Forms a platform across the front base of the skull

Sphenoid bone: other contributions

Forms part of the orbits and the nasal cavity

Sphenoid bone: main parts

Lesser wings, greater wings (with lateral and medial pterygoid plates extending downward)

Sphenoid: greater wings

Laterally and upward-directed plates. The part that extends to the outer surface of the skull.

Which part of the sphenoid reaches the outer surface of the skull?

Greater wing

Pterygoid plates: origin

Extend downward from the bottom of the greater wing

Lateral pterygoid plates

Extend downward from the greater wing of the sphenoid (2 total)

Medial pterygoid plates

Extend downward from the greater wing of the sphenoid, medial to the lateral plates

Hamulus

Hook-like projection from the base of the medial pterygoid plate (2 total)

Which pterygoid plate has the hamulus?

Medial pterygoid plate

How many lateral pterygoid plates?

2

How many hamuli?

2

Hamulus: where does it come from?

Base of the medial pterygoid plate

Which bone has lesser wings, greater wings, pterygoid plates, and hamuli?

Sphenoid

Frontal bone: Latin name

Os frontale

Facial image label: Nasal bone

Os nasale

Facial image label: Zygomatic bone

Os zygomaticum

Facial image label: Maxilla

Maxilla

Which bone forms the bony septum with the vomer?

Ethmoid (perpendicular plate)

Which cranial bone is a single bone that forms the forehead?

Frontal

Which cranial bone forms the back and base of the skull?

Occipital

Which cranial bone sits on the side of the head below the parietals?

Temporal

Which cranial bone forms the sides of the cranium?

Parietal

Which cranial bone spans from one side of the skull to the other?

Sphenoid

Which cranial bone forms part of the roof of the nose?

Ethmoid

3D skull video: where to see the pterygoid plates

At about 0:55 of the 2:51 video, there is a good view of the lateral and medial pterygoid plates