ap bio unit 2 review flashcards

Im cooked

prokaryote

bacterial cell with no nucleus or organelles

eukaryote

more complex, defined nucleus and organelles

modern cell theory

all living organisms are composed of cells, cells are the basic unit of life, and all cells come from other cells.

cell size is small due to…

centralized control function

prokaryotes structure:

plasma semi permeable memberane, cell wall to maintain shape, and glycocalyx which prevents drying out

prokaryotes cytoplasm:

dna in nucleoid region, scattered ribosomes, cyanobacteria

appendages

made of proteins

flagella

moves by rotating

fimbraie

bristles attach to surfaces

domain bacteria’s affect on humans:

cause disease, decomposes, and used for manufacturing

domain bacteria shapes:

bacillus rod, coccus spherical, spirilla spiral

plasma membrane

phospholipid bilayer

cell wall for domain bacteria:

peptidoglycan

domain archaea shape is…

more diverse

plasma membrane for domain archaea:

lipids which are glycerol and hydrocarbons

domain archaea lives in…

extreme enviornments

eukaryotes have…

membrane bound nucleus, cytoskeleton, and organelles

endosymbiosis:

organelles were once free living bacteria that were incorporated into a larger eukaryotic cell

evidence for endosymbiosis (3)

organelles resemble bacterial cell in size and appearance, double membrane on cell organelles, and DNA is found in mitochondria and chloroplasts

A plasma membrane does this

seperates the inside of the cell from its external eniviornment

fluid mosaic model describes…

the ingredients and consistency of the plasma membrane

FMM fluid is

individual components which are held loosely together

FMM mosaic is

phospholipids, proteins, and carbohydrate chains

chlorestral…

stiffens and strengthens membrane

fluidity:

consistency of oil and phospholipids can move laterally

what can get in and out of the plasma membrane

water and small non charged molecules in, ions, polar molecules, and large molecules stay out.

passive transport. no energy needed are…

diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion

does use energy,,,

active transport and vesicle formation

isotonic

same

hypotonic

low water, high solute

hypertonic

high water, low solute

active transport….

requires energy and carrier proteins.

active transport goes (down/against) gradient

against (low to high solute concentration)

vesicle formation…

uses atp to transfer macromolecules

exocytosis

eliminates waste

endocytosis

takes in substances

phagocytosis

takes in food particles and other cells

pinocytosis

takes in liquid and small particles

receptor medicated endocytosis requires…

specific receptor proteins, and it’s more selective

junctions:

attach cells to one another

tight junctions

attach membrane proteins of adjacent cells to each other

gap junctions

attaches cells together but leaves a gap for exchange of small molecules

exectetory system’s purpose is…

to maintain water and ion baalnce in the body and to execrete waste. This maintains homeostasis

execretory system uses…

semi permeable membrane, diffusion, osomosis, feedback loops, cell communication, an endocrine system control

our livers control…

how mcuh water is execreted to help maintain water balance in the body

processes involved in execretory systems are…

filtration, reabsorbtion, secretion, something else i dont remember

filteration -

blood pressure pushes small molecules out of capillaries through a semi permeable membrane. produces filtrate (nephron??) not selective

execretion is

the readjusted filtrate that exits the body as urine

water and salt balanced by

ADH (anti diuretic hormone) and alosterone

adh:

increased reabsorption of water while it decreases urine output

aldosterone:

stimulates reabsorption of sodium ions

endoplasmic recticulum: (cant spell it)

membrane bound in eukaryotic cells, which is a network of membrane tubes in the cytoplasm

rough er

has ribosomes attaches, it compartmentalizes the cell, helps package newly synthesizes proteins for maybe export from cell

smooth er

helps with detoxification and lipid synthesis

golgi complex:

series of flattened sacs in the membrane of eukaryotic cells

golgi comples is…

involved in the correct folding and chemical modification of newly sythnesizes proteins and packaging for proteins too

visicles help…

move stuff

mitochondria:

has inner membrane (folds called cristae) has outer membrane (smooth) functions in producing atp energy that eukarotes can use

lysosomes:

membrane enclosed sacs found in eukaryotic cells that have hydrolyic enzymes. HYDROLYTIC enzymes are used to digest a variety of materials such as damaged cell parts or macromolecules

vacuoles are found in

PLANT CELLS

vacuoles:

membrane bound sacs in eukaryotic cells that helps with storage of water/macromolecules and release waste from a cell

chloroplasts

PLANTS and also double cell membrne and used for photosynthesis obvi

thykaloid and stroma are in…

They are in the chloroplast

thykaloid:

light dependent reacitons happen here. this is highly folded membrane compartments that are organized in stacks

stacks are called

grana

stroma

fluid between internal chlorplast membrane and outside thykaloids

electron transport and atp syntehsis occur in the innter

mitochondrial membrane

vacuoles (2)

aid in retention of water for tugor pressure which is the pressure created from water pushing up against the plasma membrane and cell wall.

animal cells are only bound by a

cell membrane

plant cells are only bound by a

cell membrane and wall. flexible

hydrogen bonds allow for surface proteins to attach to membrane

rememrb

periphrial proteins are for

structure

integral proteins are

embedded but canmove laterally

span

transmembrane

glycoproteins are

carbohydrateschains attached to protein or phopholipids

glycoproteins are used for

adhesion, reception, and cell recognition

channel

allows molecules to pass through

carrier

combine with substance to help it pass through

crp (forot what that means0

glycoproteins identify cell to surronding ones (organ trnsplatns0

recpetor

binds to a specific molecule causing a change in cell activity

enzymatic proteins

catalyze cellular reacitons