Unit 2: Empire and Progressivism (with World War I)

Militarism

The glorification and desire for a strong military for aggressive expansion, defense, or to promote national interest.

Alliances

Entangling defensive agreements that were formed in Europe, which means if one country was attacked, the others were bound to come to its defense

Imperialism

The major powers of the world had taken territories around the globe. It also means that a European war would now become a world war.

Nationalism

A devotion to one's particular people (nation=a group of people with common history, culture, language, etc.).

Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism, Nationalism

The four MAIN causes of World War I.

Balkans

A peninsula in Europe which includes Serbia, Bulgaria, Greece and other countries. There were a lot of troubles here leading up to WWI, and it's the region of the world where the assassination of Franz Ferdinand will take place.

Archduke Franz Ferdinand

The heir to the Austrian throne, he was assassinated on June 28, 1914 in Sarajevo, Bosnia--the spark that ignited WWI. He was assassinated by a Bosnian Serb nationalist.

Gavrilo Princip

A Bosnian Serb nationalist that assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria. Bosnia-Herzegovina--his home--had been annexed by Austria-Hungary in 1908. To some, he is a hero, to others, a terrorist.

Austria-Hungary and Serbia

The antagonism between these two countries led to the beginning of World War I.

Allied Powers

Britain, France, Russia (among others, including Italy, and eventually the United States).

Central Powers

Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire (among others)

Trench Warfare

This type of warfare, which was mostly defensive, resulted in a stalemate on the Western Front in France for the majority of the war.

No Man's Land

The dangerous area between two opposing trenches.

Chemical Weapons

Mustard, Chlorine, and Phosgene Gases are all examples of this type of weapon used by all major powers in WWI.

Isolationists

They want to keep the United States out of the war (to remain neutral).

Interventionists

They want to enter the war in order for the United States to have an impactful role in world affairs.

Unrestricted Submarine Warfare

Germans engaged in this type of warfare during their blockade of the British Isles, targeting and destroying enemy ships with their U-boats.

Lusitania

A British ocean liner that was sunk by Germany U-boats on May 7, 1915, killing approximately 1,200 people, including 128 Americans. It helped turn American public opinion against Germany.

Sussex Pledge

Germany made a promise to stop unrestricted submarine warfare after pressure from President Woodrow Wilson.

"He Kept Us Out of War"

One of Woodrow Wilson's campaign slogans for the 1916 presidential election.

Zimmerman Note

A telegram from the German Foreign Minister to Mexico, urging Mexico to attack the United States to recover territory they had lost in the nineteenth century. It was the primary reason for the United States to enter the war.

Democracy

Woodrow Wilson wants to make the world "safe" for this ideal when the U.S. enters the war, based on his Moral Diplomacy.

Selective Service Act

This went into effect in May, 1917, leading to 24 million men registering for the draft, with about 2.8 million actually being drafted.

War Industries Board

Regulated all industries engaged in the war effort.

Food Administration

Led by Herbert Hoover. The administration set prices and encouraged conservation of food.

Committee on Public Information

As director, George Creel "sold" the war to Americans with 100 million pieces of propaganda as part of this organization.

19th Amendment/Women's Suffrage

Women fought for this in exchange for their support of the war.

Espionage Act (1917)

Allowed a ban on "treasonable" or "seditious" newspapers, magazines, or printed materials from the mail.

Sedition Act (1918)

Made it a crime to use "disloyal, profane, scurrilous, or abusive language" about the U.S. government, Constitution, or the military.

Great Migration

This is when over 1 million African Americans move to the North for jobs between 1910-1930.

Russia

This Allied Power left World War I and signed a separate peace with Germany after a revolution in 1917 which overthrew Tsar Nicholas II and established a Communist government.

Russian Revolution of 1917

A Communist Revolution in 1917 (led by Vladimir Lenin), leading to the withdrawal from the war of the country that experienced the revolution.

American Expeditionary Forces (AEF)

The name for American forces in World War I. With their arrival in large numbers in Europe by the spring of 1918, the German line began to fall back and the Allies took control of the war.

November 9, 1918

On this date, Germany experienced a revolution which overthrew the Kaiser. Two days later, the provisional government agreed to end the war.

November 11, 1918

The day the armistice was signed to end fighting on the Western Front in World War I.

1918 Influenza Epidemic

This killed about 50 million people worldwide in 1918, including 675,000 Americans.

"Peace Without Victory"

President Woodrow Wilson's goal of ending the war but not punishing Germany.

Fourteen Points

Wilson's goals for a post-WWI world. It included new countries created in Europe based on national self-determination, freedom of trade/seas/no secret treaties, a reduction of armaments, and a League of Nations.

Paris Peace Conference

The conference that negotiated the peace settlement for the end World War I. Allied Powers Britain and France disregarded many of Wilson's Fourteen points in order to protect their own empires and interests.

Treaty of Versailles

The treaty signed with Germany, which placed all war guilt on Germany and tasked them with paying war reparations. It also created a League of Nations.

League of Nations

The U.S. did not join this organization because the Senate failed to ratify the Treaty of Versailles due to fears of being entangled in future European wars. The U.S. retreated back toward isolationism.

Irreconcilables

Members of the U.S. Senate who opposed the Treaty of Versailles, especially the prospect of the U.S. joining the League of Nations.

Progressive Era

Era at the turn of the twentieth century in which groups sought to reform the U.S. economically, socially, and politically through stronger, more active government involvement.

Progressive Goals

Political reform, women's rights, reform business, improve society.

Muckrakers

Socially conscious journalists and writers that dramatized the need for reform.

Upton Sinclair

Muckraker whose book The Jungle exposed the unsanitary conditions in Chicago's meatpacking industry.

Susan B. Anthony

She fought for women's suffrage and was a founding member of the National American Woman Suffrage Association. She was arrested for illegally voting.

Frances Willard

Became leader of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU). She worked to educate people about the evils of alcohol and urged laws banning the sale of liquor.

Florence Kelley

A woman reformer who sought consumer and worker protectors, including prohibiting child labor and improving conditions for women workers.

Carrie Chapman Catt

A suffragette who was president of the National Women's Suffrage Association who was instrumental in the passage of the 19th Amendment.

Margaret Sanger

Woman reformer who fought for access to birth control and reproductive rights. Founding member of the American Birth Control League and Planned Parenthood.

Alice Paul

Woman reformer and leader of the National Woman's Party. Her tactics were more radical and while in prison she engaged in hunger strikes.

Theodore Roosevelt

"War hero" of the Spanish-American War and a Progressive President he urged the "Strenuous Life" and was a notable "Trustbuster" and conservationist.

Square Deal

Theodore Roosevelt's domestic policies for consumer protections, regulating corporations, and conservation of the environment.

Pure Food and Drug Act (1906)

Created the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for regulating food and drugs.

Meat Inspection Act (1906)

Government regulation of meat/inspection of meat-processing plants. Inspired by Upton Sinclair's The Jungle.

William Howard Taft

Progressive President who Roosevelt expected to follow his policies. Instead, he fired Gifford Pinchot and busted "trusts" Roosevelt had allowed.

Woodrow Wilson

Progressive President elected in 1912 and helped usher through the Federal Reserve Act, Federal Trade Commission, and other government regulation of the economy.

16th Amendment (1913)

Amendment to the Constitution; gave Congress the power to tax income.

17th Amendment (1913)

Amendment to the Constitution; provided for the direct election of senators.

18th Amendment (1919)

Amendment to the Constitution; prohibition of alcohol.

19th Amendment (1920)

Amendment to the Constitution; women's suffrage.

Reasons for Imperialism

"Civilizing Missions; resources/raw materials; markets to sell goods; military power/strategy.

Alfred Thayer Mahan

Military historian and U.S. Navy Officer who argued the U.S. should build a large, modern navy and acquire foreign bases.

White Man's Burden

Concept that it is the "burden" of the white, "civilized" peoples of the world to expand and bring civilization and Christianity to the "primitive" peoples of the world.

Rudyard Kipling

British writer who wrote of "White Man's Burden" poem and justified imperialism.

Hawaii

American missionaries arrived in the 1820s, followed by business interests and the creation of an American naval base on Peal Harbor. Annexed as a U.S. territory in 1898.

Causes of the Spanish-American War

American investment in Cuba; sympathy for Cuban independence; yellow journalism; explosion of U.S.S. Maine.

Puerto Rico, Guam, Philippines

Territories Gained by U.S. from Spanish-American War.

Philippine-American War (1899-1902)

Filipinos resisted American occupation. Emilio Aguinaldo led Filipino rebels in guerrilla warfare against Americans; Americans were ultimately victorious.

Anti-Imperialist League

Objected to the annexation of the Philippines and the building of an American empire. Members included Mark Twain, Andrew Carnegie, and others.

Open Door Policy

A policy proposed by the U.S. in 1899, under which all nations would have equal opportunities to trade in China. Result would be economic exploitation of China.

Big Stick Diplomacy

Diplomatic policy developed by T.R where the "big stick" symbolizes his power and readiness to use military force if necessary. It is a way of intimidating countries was the basis of U.S. imperialistic foreign policy.

Roosevelt Corollary

Roosevelt's 1904 extension of the Monroe Doctrine, stating that the United States has the right to protect its economic interests in South And Central America by using military force

Dollar Diplomacy

Foreign policy created under President Taft that had the U.S. exchanging financial support ($) for the right to "help" countries make decisions about trade and other commercial ventures. Basically it was exchanging money for political influence in Latin America and the Caribbean.

Moral Diplomacy

Foreign policy proposed by President Wilson to condemn imperialism, spread democracy, and promote peace. U.S> would still send in the military when "necessary," however.