Period 4, Part 1 IDs

Period 4 (1800-1848) - Early National Period (Jeffersonian America, Nationalism, Economic Development & Market Revolution)

Judiciary Act of 1801

Passed by Adam's administration in the window before TJ took power

Midnight Judges

Federalist judges appointed by President John Adams in the last hours of his administration through the Judiciary Act of 1801; includes William Marbury

Marbury v. Madison (1803)

Landmark Supreme Court case that establishes the Supreme Court's power of Judicial Review by taking down the whole Judiciary Act of 1801 after a dispute b/t Sec. of State James Madison & appointed midnight judge William Marbury

Judicial review

The power of the Supreme Court to strike down federal laws as unconstitutional; established in the Marbury v. Madison case under the Marshall Court

John Marshall

Federalist Chief Justice of the Supreme Court 1801-1835 who creates the SC's permanent home & creates greater SC power (Marbury v. Madison

Fletcher v. Peck (1810)

Land dispute over a Georgia law that goes all the way up to the Supreme Court where the state law is stricken down as unconstitutional

McCullough v. Maryland (1819)

Dispute b/t Baltimore division of the National Bank & the state of Maryland over their attempted taxes on National Bank transactions; determines that the National Bank is constitutional & the MD tax is not (can't interfere w/ necessary gov. operations)

Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)

Dispute b/t NY ferry operator w/ a federal license & NJ operator w/ state license where Supreme Court rules federal license is legitimate

Embargo of 1807

Jefferson's response to the Chesapeake-Leopard Affair (to avoid war) by closing U.S. trade to the whole world

USS Chesapeake

American warship attacked by British (Leopard) in 1807

Non-Intercourse Act

Madison's replacement of the Embargo Act

Macon's Bill No. 2

Following Non-Intercourse act

Causes of the War of 1812

• Embargo/Macon's Bill - Impressment of American sailors - British violation of U.S. waters - Canada - British incitement of natives in the west -Rise of the War Hawks

William Henry Harrison

A military leader victorious in the Battle of Tippecanoe & the Battle of the Thames

Tecumseh

Shawnee military leader in the Battle of Tippecanoe & ally of the British in the War of 1812 until killed in the Battle of the Thames (huge loss to whole native community)

Battle of Tippecanoe

Conflict between American forces/William Henry Harrison & the Shawnee Native Americans/Tecumseh in Indiana 1811 due to British incitement

"War Hawks"

Feisty

John Calhoun

War Hawk who pushed for declaration of war on Britain

Henry Clay

War Hawk

Daniel Webster

Prominent politician and orator who opposed the War of 1812

Hartford Convention

1814 meeting of federalists to propose wild/extreme new constitutional amendments in desperate scheme to get back federalist power & end the war

Market Economy

Economic system where decisions regarding investment

Fulton's Clermont

1st commercially successful steamboat that navigated the Hudson River 1807 & revolutionized transportation by making upstream commerce possible

The Erie Canal

State-financed

New business model for factories and finance

Emergence during the Industrial Revolution of central supervision of workers who operated power machinery to increase production & profit

New technologies in transportation

Innovations transformed the movement of goods and people; railroads

New technologies in communication

Advancements that improved long-distance communication initially for businesses then expanded to common folk; telegraph

Modern banking and investment

Financial systems that emerged to support industrial growth and economic expansion through loans/ financing of land/supplies/fertilizer/new agricultural machinery

New way to view work

Shifts in labor to divided tasks requiring less skill & perception of work as a clock in-clock out

Price vs. wage

The distinction between the cost of goods and the compensation received by workers

National Road

1st major improved highway in the United States authorized by Congress for construction in 1806

Telegraph

New technology in communication invented by Samuel Morse that transmitted messages over long distances using electrical signals; initially intended for businesses/newspapers

Lowell Mills

Textile mills in Massachusetts located along the "fall line" where waterfalls & river rapids could be harnessed to provide power for machinery

Western migration

The movement of settlers into the western territories of the United States

Squatters

Individuals who settled farms on unowned/unoccupied land in the West w/ no clear legal titles

Cyrus McCormick

Invented the reaper in 1831 which revolutionized agriculture by greatly increasing the amount of wheat a farmer could harvest

Andrew Jackson and the Battle of New Orleans

Decisive defeat of the British January 1815

Treaty of Ghent

The December 1814 agreement that ended the War of 1812

Nationalism

A sense of pride and devotion to one's nation

American System

Henry Clay's plan to use the war to boost domestic industry w/ the 2nd National Bank

Panic of 1819

1st major financial crisis in the United States w/ a downturn of foreign trade & recession due to Tariff of 1816 within the era of Good Feelings

Missouri Compromise

Agreement proposed by Henry Clay for Missouri to enter as a slave state

Tallmadge Amendment

Proposition to bar any more slaves from entering Missouri & all slaves born in Missouri to be freed at 25 y/o

Monroe Doctrine

1823 U.S. policy created by JQA (Monroe's Sec. of S.) that opposed European colonialism in the Americas as the 1st foreign policy to move away from US isolationism

• don't consider Americas for colonization

• Americas = republics

Europe = monarchies

• if Europe tries to impose in W.

US will take as direct threat - US will stay out of Europe's affairs

Agricultural technologies

Innovations that improved farming efficiency and productivity; the reaper

Reasons for growth of cities

• Industrialization - Immigration - Economic opportunities - More land out west & large cities pop up around production/shipping/port areas - Railroads allow transportation in/out

Free labor ideology

The belief in the moral and economic superiority of a labor system based on free wage labor

Self-made man

Idea that success in America could be achieved as result of intelligence/hard work instead of hereditary privilege/government favoritism; John Jacob Astor

New middle class

Social class that emerged during the Industrial Revolution

Changes in women's domestic tasks

Many middle class women now relied on the employment of other women within their households as domestic servants

Legal status of women

Still very limited in 19th century; couldn't sign contracts or sue

"The Frugal Housewife"

Written by Lydia Maria Child 1829 to prepare women for ups & downs of the market revolution

Family wage

The income sufficient to support a family

Rise in immigration

• Economic expansion fueled a demand for labor - Irish & Germans - Attracted to America's political/religious/economic freedoms - Worked in factories/on railroads/as domestic servants - Formed tightly knit neighborhoods in eastern cities - Generally voted Democratic-Republican

Cult of Domesticity

Glorification of women's ability to create a warm

Rise of African Americans in market economy

Generally prohibited from improving their economic status by hostile white employers