E&E 151 S Introductory Geology: Chapters 16.1 - 16.5 (Earthquakes Pt. 1) Visualization Study

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Last updated 9:30 PM on 10/11/26
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15 Terms

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Focus (Hypocenter)

The exact point within the Earth where seismic waves first originate and rupture begins.

<p><span>The exact point within the Earth where seismic waves first originate and rupture begins.</span></p>
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Epicenter

The point on Earth's surface located directly above the focus.

<p><span>The point on Earth's surface located directly above the focus.</span></p>
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Fault

The break or fracture between two rock masses where movement occurs.

<p><span>The break or fracture between two rock masses where movement occurs.</span></p>
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Body Waves

Seismic waves that travel through Earth's interior and spread outward from the focus in all directions.

<p><span>Seismic waves that travel through Earth's interior and spread outward from the focus in all directions.</span></p>
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P Wave (Primary Wave)

A very fast, compressional (longitudinal) body wave where rock vibrates parallel to the direction of wave propagation; it can pass through solid rock, gas, and liquid.

<p><span>A very fast, compressional (longitudinal) body wave where rock vibrates parallel to the direction of wave propagation; it can pass through solid rock, gas, and liquid.</span></p>
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S Wave (Secondary Wave)

A slower, transverse body wave propagated by a shearing motion where rock vibrates perpendicular to wave propagation; it can only pass through solid rock.

<p><span>A slower, transverse body wave propagated by a shearing motion where rock vibrates perpendicular to wave propagation; it can only pass through solid rock.</span></p>
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Surface Waves

The slowest seismic waves that travel along Earth's surface away from the epicenter, causing the most property damage.

<p><span>The slowest seismic waves that travel along Earth's surface away from the epicenter, causing the most property damage.</span></p>
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Love Waves

Surface waves with side-to-side horizontal movement perpendicular to the wave's direction, with no vertical displacement.

<p><span>Surface waves with side-to-side horizontal movement perpendicular to the wave's direction, with no vertical displacement.</span></p>
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Rayleigh Waves

Surface waves that behave like rolling ocean waves, moving the ground in an elliptical path opposite to the wave's direction.

<p><span>Surface waves that behave like rolling ocean waves, moving the ground in an elliptical path opposite to the wave's direction.</span></p>
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Travel-Time Curve

A graph plotting seismic-wave arrival time against distance, used to determine the distance to an earthquake using the time interval between the first P and S wave arrivals.

<p>A graph plotting seismic-wave arrival time against distance, used to determine the distance to an earthquake using the time interval between the first P and S wave arrivals.</p>
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Benioff Zones (Wadati-Benioff Zones)

Inclined zones of seismic activity that begin at oceanic trenches and slope landward and downward into the Earth at 30° to 60° angles, where essentially all intermediate and deep-focus earthquakes occur.

<p><span>Inclined zones of seismic activity that begin at oceanic trenches and slope landward and downward into the Earth at 30° to 60° angles, where essentially all intermediate and deep-focus earthquakes occur.</span></p>
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Scarp

A low cliff formed by the trace of a fault on Earth's surface after permanent land displacement.

<p><span>A low cliff formed by the trace of a fault on Earth's surface after permanent land displacement.</span></p>
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Sag Ponds

New lakes created by ground breakage that affects the hydrosphere.

<p><span>New lakes created by ground breakage that affects the hydrosphere.</span></p>
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Brittle Behavior

The tendency of rocks to break, which typically occurs near Earth's surface.

<p><span>The tendency of rocks to break, which typically occurs near Earth's surface.</span></p>
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Ductile Materials

The behavior of deep rocks subjected to high temperatures and pressures, causing them to flow or bend rather than break.

<p><span>The behavior of deep rocks subjected to high temperatures and pressures, causing them to flow or bend rather than break.</span></p>