History Exam 2 (rise of constitulisonm)

Constitutionalism vs. Absolutism

17th-century Europe; developed to restore order after religious wars. Constitutionalism limited rulers' power, while absolutism gave monarchs nearly unlimited power.

Absolutism

Monarchs controlled taxes and maintained large armies to strengthen their authority.

James I and Charles I

English kings who claimed the Divine Right of Kings, believing their power came from God.

James I and Charles I vs. Parliament

Kings wanted control over taxes, while Parliament believed it had the right to approve taxation.

English Civil War (1642–1649)

Conflict between Charles I and Parliament over taxes and religion; Parliament defeated the king.

Forced Loans

Taxes Charles I collected without Parliament's approval to pay for wars.

William Laud

Archbishop whose religious reforms angered Puritans.

Bishops' Wars

Scottish rebellion against Charles I's required Prayer Book and religious policies.

Oliver Cromwell

Parliamentary military leader whose New Model Army defeated Charles I.

Execution of Charles I (1649)

Charles I was executed after losing the English Civil War.

Restoration (1660)

Return of the English monarchy under Charles II.

Act of Uniformity (1662)

Required people to follow Anglican worship practices.

Clarendon Code

Laws that punished Protestants who refused to follow the Anglican Church.

Test Act (1673)

Required government officials to take Anglican communion.

Glorious Revolution (1688)

Parliament invited William of Orange and Mary II to replace Catholic James II.

Reason for Glorious Revolution

Parliament feared a permanent Catholic dynasty.

English Bill of Rights (1689)

Limited royal power, protected Parliament, and required parliamentary approval for taxes.

Importance of English Bill of Rights

Established constitutional monarchy and strengthened Parliament.