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speed in reflex arc
never faster than 15 m per second
speed in motor or sensory axon
40 m per second
temporal summation
repeated mild stimuli can cause action potentials
special summation
several stimuli close in space can cause action potential
opposing muscles
when are set of muscles is excited, another set is relaxed due to inhibitory connections
Von Helmholtz
conducted the first reaction time experiment
EPSP (excitatory postsynaptic potential)
a graded depolarization that happens when there is excitatory input but not enough to cause an action potential
flexoral muscles
receive excitatory input to pull away from a stimulus
extensor muscles
contract while flexor muscles relax, due to inhibitory synapses
increase firing rate
IPSP (inhibitory postsynaptic potential)
inhibitory signals
decrease firing rate
spontaneous firing rate
neurons fire occasionally and randomly even without stimulus