Geography Chaptrer 14

Don't cry it's ok to crash out, key is to move on

agricultural seasons (4) and term(sowing and harvesting)

Kharif

from:June-july

To: September-October

rabi

from: October-November

To: March-April

Zaid kharif

From:Aug-Sep

To:Dec-jan

Zaid rabi

From: Feb-march

To: April-may

Rice climatic conditions

Mean temperature =16-20 during flowering

18-32 during ripening

best in humid,warm areas

in any altitude as long as temprature needs fullfilled

Temp above 35 affect grain retention and filling

Rainfall =150-300

in growth 5-10cm of standing water

best=deltas ,river valleys,coastal plains

Rice soil

which can retain standing water

protects from pests who cannot survive underwater

deep fertile clayey,loamy soil | alluvial soil along river banks

manure,fertiliser for higher yield

upland and lowland

Upland

on higher land

sown in march-april

depend on rainflall and used locally

Lowland

on lower grounds

sown in june

need plenty water

used locally and supplied to other regions

Dry method of cultivation

in areas which depend on rainfall and no supplementary irrigation facilities

heavy rainfall areas- in rows with drills

moderate rainfall areas- scattered with hands

puddled method

adequate supply of water in assured

3-5cm of standing water(2-3cm maintained till seeds are established)

Rice method of cultivation(Sowing)

(i) Broadcasting

where labour is scarce and soil is infertile

seeds scattered after ploughing

inferior quality seeds, low production

(ii) Drilling

in furrows made by usually bamboo drill

practiced in peninsular India

systematic, high germinating rate, minimal wastage of seeds

time consuming

(iii) dibbling

hole with dibble(Simple pointed stick)

Sown by hand at regular intervals in furrosws

used in conjunction with puddling

Transplanting

in deltaic and flood regions

labour intensive

gives higher yield

crop first grown in nurseries till they attain 25-30cm after 2 or 3 weeks, then they r transplanted to prepared rice fields in groups of four to six at a distance of 30-45cm. Fields r first kept in 2-3cm deep water and that is raised to 4-6cm till crop matures

Harvesting(Rice) , Threshing

Field drained dry before

sickle used, hand reaped, 60cm below the grain to facilitate threshing

Threshing: process the beating the sheaves on a woden bars, grain separated from stalks

done to reduce cost of transportation

Winnowing,milling (Rice)

Removing unwanted husk from grains

pouring the seeds on a windy day, grains fall while chaff blow away

Wheat climatic conditions

can be grown in varying climatic conditions and soil

best in cool winters….dry and warm while ripening and cold and humid while growing

in south it takes up lesser time than in north

wheat temprature and rainfall

10-15 during sowing and 20-25 during harvesting

in northern plains cold winters

high heat and excesive rainfall is unsuitable

80 cm is suitable

in north-eastern regions 40-75 for cultivation. During winters 12.5 is good for grain filling and crop retention

Wheat soil

well drained clayey, loamy soil..needs moisture during growth

bread wheat(Triticum aestivum) in alluvial plains of north

macaroni wheat(Triticum durum) in black soil of central and southern parts

triticum dicocum in red soils of nilgiri hills

Wheat methods of cultivation

Sowing:

Well pulverised,compact seed bed

sown by drilling or broadcasting

germinate for 2-3 weeks and when attain 15-20cm height it needs irrigation….it needs irrigation 3 to 4 times during growth

gradual increase in temprature…not fast

Harvesting:

Ripen in march(At 21 C)

harvested in April(At 27.5 C) with a sickle

Machines replaced sickle, traditiona method was to get it trampled under bullocks feet

Now threshers replaced sickles and wheat had a sharp increase in production

Millets

Refer to inferior quality grains to serve as food grains to the poor section of the society

Highly nutritious and easily digestible, rich in many nutrients

grow in rather infertile soil with sandy or rocky texture for a short duration(3-4 months

jowar, ragi methods of cultivation

jowar: Does not need well prepared fields but soil management before sowing important in dry areas

by broadcast or dibbling, ripens in 4-5 months

Ragi: Sown- may-aug | Harvested- Sep-jan

South throughout year with irrigation

by broadcasting or drills or transplanted in well friable lands

4-5 months to mature

Pulses climatic conditions,soil

Temprature: 20-25

Rainfall: 50-70cm

Soil: Dry light soil

Jowar, bajra, ragi climatic conditions

Jowar: Dry farming areas without irrigation, in plains or slopes till 1200 m height

temp: 27-32…not below 16

Rainfall: arid to semi-arid upto 45m…below 100cm

Bajra: short season kharif crop

Temperature: 25-30

Rainfall: possible below 45cm..not exceed 100m…monsoon showers and bright sunshine best suitable

Ragi: Temperature: 20-30

Rainfall: can withstand severe drought and average rainfall from 50-100cm

Jowar, ragi, bajra soil

Jowar: variety from heavy and light alluvium to red, grey and yellow loams

most ideal black clayey loams of peninsular plateau

Ragi: red, light black, amd clayey loams

bajra : black cotton soils, sandy loams wit good drainage