exam three (conceptual)

aldehyde (overarching term)

ketone (overarching term)

acetone (type of ketone)

• two bond angles are equal due to symmetry

acetaldehyde (type of aldehyde)

• all bond angles differ slightly

state the properties as well.

carbonyl group

geometry:

• the carbonyl group in aldehyde and ketone are planar.

• bond angles are ~120°, but are not identical bc the molecules aren’t symmetrical. (if both R groups are the same, then two bond angles are equal).

polarity, resonance, and reactivity of carbonyl groups

• C=O is strongly polarized because Oxygen withdraws electron density from Carbon.

• carboxyl is very electrophilic, so it’ll react with nucleophiles.

organometallic reagents

compounds containing Carbon associated with a metal (Li, Mg, Cu).

• carbon attached to a metal behaves as though it has sufficient negative charge

is carbon electrophilic or nucleophilic?

Depends on circumstances:

carbonyl carbon (C=O): → δ+ → electrophilic

organometallic reagents: substantial negative charge → nucleophilic