W. Civilization test 3

Battle of Verdun

longest battle of WWI (300 days)

Somme Offensive

Ally counter offensive against Germany

Passchendaele

battle noted for mud and its failure

Francis Pegahmagabow

highly decorated Canadian soldier

Treaty of Brest Litovsk

Russia leaves WWI (treaty)

Gallipoli Campaign

proposed by Winston Churchill, failed plan to invade Germany through the Ottoman Empire

T. E. Lawrence

unified the Arabs against the Ottoman Empire

Edmund Allenby

took Jerusalem

U-Boat

Germany’s addition to sea warfare

Lusitania

sunk by the Germans in 1915

Battle of Jutland

Dreadnoughts were introduced

Manfred von Richtofen

The Red Baron

Eddie Rickenbacker

American ace pilot

Factors leading the U.S. into joining WWI

Propaganda, Unrestricted submarine warfare, the Zimmerman Note; April 6,1917

Second Battle of the Marne

Central Powers Collapse; November 11, 1918

Woodrow Wilson

14 points; League of Nations

Paris Peace Conference Big Four

Woodrow Wilson (U.S.), David Lloyd George (England), Georges Clemence (France), Vittorio Orlando (Spain)

Age of Nihilism

end of WWI; Russian Revolution

Communism

dominates the person, property, and thoughts of citizens by means of force and terror

Marxism

the root of Communism

Labor Theory of Value

Labor = Value

Scientific dialectical materialism

matter is all that matters; the heart of communism

Progression of Communism

economic crisis, immiseration of the proletariat, revolutionary class consciousness, seizure of state power, withering away of the state

Communist Manifesto 1848

Government ownership and control, heavy progressive income tax, central bank, redistribution of population

Das Kapital

theoretical foundation

Karl Marx

a failed life

Rus

men who row

Vlademir the Saint

Kiev

Russia Orthodox Church

AD 988

St. Alexander Nevsky

Novgorod

Ivan III (the Great)

Moscow; removes Russia from Mongol rule; first leader of unified Russia

Ivan the Terrible

first tzar of Russia

Michael Romanov

Starts the Romanov Dynasty 1613

Peter the Great

First Romanov of consequence; one of the greatest tzars; westernization; built St. Petersberg

St. Petersberg

window to the west

Catherine the Great

Philosopher Tzarista; Enlightened Dispot

Potemkin villages

fake villages for tourist to see

Alexander I

reform minded, didnt always follow through on his word

Nicholas I

Decembrist Revolt; oppressive

Decembrist Revolt

Russia’s first modern revolution

Alexander II

Tzar Liberator; freed the serfs

Alexander III

pogroms; Russification

pogroms

periodic massacres or forced movements

Bloody Sunday

3000 wounded and 500 dead, lead to the start of the 1905 revolution

March revolution

1917 Nicholas II forced to advocate

Nicholas II

lead Russia in WWI

Duma

legislative body in Russia

Rasputin

Russian Revolution; created provisional government

March Revolution

1917; Nicholas II forced to advocate

Alexander Karensky

socialist who was one of the leaders of the provisional government

Vanguard Elite

idea that the revolution does not just happen, you need a leadership; shepherds toward the revolution

Marxism-Leninism

not pure Marxism

Bolsheviks

October Revolution

Leo Tolstoy

the mirror of the revolution

Russian Civil War

White vs Red Russians; Reds win W

White Russians

traditional, tsar

Red Russians

Marxists, Bolsheviks/Communism

Cheka

Russia’s secret police; orders were to target people

Lenin’s Economic policies

centralization and collectivism to bring everything under state control

collection of land, banks, and food (failed; caused Russia’s economy to collapse)

New Economic Policy (NEP)

state capitalism introduced by Lenin

Joseph Stalin

the Architect of Death

Five Year Plan

plan to do away with NEP

Holodomor

unnecessary man-made famine

Kulaks

8 acres of land, middle class farmers

Great Purge

Kulaks would disappear mysteriously by a troop; all about ridding enemies of the state

Ivan Ilyin

one of the greatest Russian minds; religious and political philosopher

George Bernard Shaw

founder of Fabian socialism; supported the Soviet Union and Stalin

Malcom Muggeridge

Opposed to the Soviet Union and Shaw

Alexander Solzhenitsyn

political prisoner; said men have forgotten God

Cathedral of Christ the Savior

Built to sustain the invasion of Napoleon, Stalin demolished and replaced a swimming pool in its place

St. Ivan Kochurov

was a Hier martyr

Hier martyr

martyred clergy

St. Elizabeth the New Martyr

husband was assassinated and became a nun; there’s a reason to pick up our cross

St. Benjamin of Petrograd

high ranking bishop who stood up to the Bolsheviks

St. Matrona of Moscow

poor family, born without eyes, lost the ability to walk, very close to God and an encouragement, Soviets could never find her

Nicholas II and Family

Considered martyrs by the Roman Orthodox Church

Nietzsche

“God is Dead” 1886

Foundations of Ancient Christianity

Arche (first or primary)

ultimate reality (goodness, personal, and love)

becoming human (repentance and Saints)

Birth of secular state

Government without religion

knowledge: objective or subjective

Physical and spiritual world divided

Worldview and neutrality

Conservatism

“Antithesis of ideology” second ideology of the world

Stages of Nihilistic Dialect (nothingness)

Liberalism

realism

vitalism

Liberalism

renaissance humanism; first ideology of the modern world

Realism

reaction to Liberalism

Vitalism

reaction to realism; renaissance enlightenment cultism, create fake religion and spirituality

Nihilism of Destruction

(1914-1915) 19th century Nietzsche; a rage against creation and civilization

Auguste Comte

positivism; 3 stages of knowledge/civilization

Positivism

only observable facts can be known

3 stages of knowledge/civilization

theological (primitive point)

metaphysical (middle point)

positive (scientific point)

Clotilde de Vaux

her death led to the creation of the Religion of Humanity

John Stuart Mill

provided a way to post-Christian culture; individual liberty

Franz Anton Mesmer

“Animal magnetism”

hypnosis

psychoanalysis

positive thinking

Sigmund Freud

father of psychoanalysis; blame shifting replaces wrongdoing

Behavioral Psychology

conditioning

Ivan Pavlov

Pavlov Puppies

J.B. Watson

little Albert Experiment

B.F. Skinner

skinner boxes

Pragmatism

War against morality

William James

brought pragmatism to America

Existentialism

“Flight from reality” anti-philosophy

Soren Kierkegard

modern existentialism