lesson 6: ch. 10: Appendicular Skeleton

main parts of the appendicular skeleton

1. pectoral girdle

2. pelvic girdle

3. appendages/limbs

pectoral girdle parts

1. clavicle (anterior)

2. scapula (posterior)

clavicle (anterior)

convex forward & concave lateral

important structures of clavicle (anterior)

1. acromial end

2. sternal end

3. conoid tubercle

clavicle: acromial end

articulates with scapula

clavicle: sternal end

attaches to sternum

clavicle: conoid tubercle

ligament attachment site

scapula (posterior)

acromion superior & lateral

important structures of scapula

1. spine

2. acromion

3. coracoid process

4. glenoid cavity

5. suprascapular notch

6. superior, lateral and medial borders

7. supraspinous fossa

8. superior angle

9. inferior angle

scapula: spine

extends into the acromion

scapula: acromion

connects with clavicle

scapula: coracoid process

muscle attachment

scapula: glenoid cavity

socket for humerus

scapula: suprascapular notch

passage for nerves

upper arm consists of

humerus

humerus important structures

1. head

2. greater and lesser tubercle

3. capitulum (lateral)

4. trochlea (medial)

5. radial fossa (lateral)

6. coronoid fossa

7. olecranon fossa

8. medial and lateral epicondyle

9. deltoid tuberosity

10. radial groove

humerus: head

fits into glenoid cavity of scapula

humerus: capitulum (lateral)

articulates with radius

humerus: trochlea (medial)

articulates with trochlear notch of the ulna

humerus: radial fossa (lateral)

for head of radius during flexion

humerus: coronoid fossa

for ulna process during flex

humerus: olecranon fossa

for ulna process during extension

humerus: deltoid tuberosity

attachment site for the deltoid muscle

humerus: radial groove

indicates the pathway of the radial nerve

forearm consists of

1. ulna

2. radius

ulna (medial bone) improtant structures

1. coronoid process

2. olecranon process

3. trochlear notch

4. radial notch

5. ulnar styloid process

ulna: coronoid process

proximal/anterior end

ulna: olecranon process

proximal/posterior end

ulna: trochlear notch

separates the coronoid and olecranon process

ulna: radial notch

articulates with radial head

ulna: ulnar styloid process

attachment for wrist ligaments

radius important structures

1. radial head

2. radial tuberosity

3. ulnar notch

4. radial styloid process

radius: radial head

proximal end

radius: radial tuberosity

bicept tendon attachment

radius: ulnar notch

distal end articulates with ulna

radius: radial styloid process

attachment for wrist ligaments

articulation of radius and ulna location

proximal and distal radioulnar joint

3 group of bones in the hand (manus)

1. carpus (wrist)

2. metacarpals (palm)

3. phalanges (distal, middle, and proximal)

carpus (wrist)

8 bones - 2 rows of 4 bones

metacarpals (palm)

5 bones (counting from the thumb outward)

phalanges (distal, middle, and proximal)

fingers (3 bones for each finger except for the thumb) - 14 bones total

carpals: proximal row (lateral to medial)

scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, & pisiform

***Sally Left The Party****

carpals: distal row

trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, & hamate

***To Take Cathy Home***

Where do metacarpals start being numbered

the pollex

coxal bone formed by fusion of what 3 bones

1. ilium

2. ischium

3. pubis

ilium

connects sacrum at sacroiliac joint

iliac crest

hip/superior margin of ilium

ischium

ischial tuberosity bears weight of body when sitting

ischial spine

used to determine sex

pubis

pubic bone

coxal bones important structures

1. acetabulum

2. obturator foramen

3. greater sciatic notch

4. ala

5. iliac fossa

6. iliac crest

7. ischial spine

8. ischial tuberosity

9. pubic crest

10. pubic tubercle

coxal bones: acetabulum

socket for the femur head

coxal bones: obturator foramen

blood vessels and nerves travel thru to thigh

coxal bones: greater sciatic notch

allows sciatic nerve and blood vessels to pass through to the thigh

coxal bones: ala

broad lateral surface of the ilium

coxal bones: iliac fossa

broad medial surface of the ilium

coxal bones: iliac crest

superior margin of ilium

coxal bones: ischial spine

landmark of the pelvic cavity

coxal bones: ischial tuberosity

bears body weight when sitting

coxal bones: pubic crest

anterior portion of pubic, forms the pubic symphysis

coxal bones: pubic tubercle

lateral to crest, attachment site of the inguinal ligament

coxal joints

1. pubic symphysis

2. sacroiliac joint

pubic symphysis

connects the two pubis

sacroiliac joint

connects the ilium to the sacrum

pelvis: general structure and functional modifications: female

tilted forward

adapted for childbearing

true pelvis defines the birth canal

cavity of the true pelvis is broad, shallow, and has a greater capacity

pelvis: general structure and functional modifications: male

tilted far less forward

adapted for support of a male’s heavier build and stronger muscles

cavity of the true pelvis is narrow and deep

pelvis: bone thickness: female

less: bone lighter, thinner, and smoother

pelvis: bone thickness: male

greater: bones heavier and thicker, and markings are more prominent

pelvis: acetabula: female

smaller

farther apart

pelvis: acetabula: male

larger

closer

pelvis: pubic angle/arch: female

broader angle (80-90)

more rounded

pelvis: pubic angle/arch: male

angle is more acute (50-60)

pelvis: sacrum: female

wider

shorter

sacrum is less cured

pelvis: sacrum: male

narrow

longer

sacral promontory more ventral

pelvis: coccyx: female

more movable

straighter

projects inferiorly

pelvis: coccyx: male

less movable

curves and projects anteriorly

pelvis: pelvic outlet: female

wider

ischial spines shorter

farther apart

everted

pelvis: pelvic outlet: male

narrower

ischial spines longer

sharper

point more medially

femur important structures

1. head

2. fovea capitis

3. neck

4. greater and lesser trochanter

5. medial and lateral condyle

6. medial and lateral epicondyle

7. patellar surface

8. intercondylar fossa

9. linea aspera

10. gluteal tuberosity

femur: head

proximal, fits in acetabulum of coxal bone

femur: fovea capitis

central pit on head for ligament attachment to acetabulum of coxal bone

femur: neck

connects head to shaft

femur: greater and lesser trochanter

muscle attachment

femur: medial and lateral condyle

articulates with tibia

femur: medial and lateral epicondyle

located superior to condyles

femur: patellar surface

forms joint with patella

femur: intercondylar fossa

located between the medial and lateral condyle

femur: linea aspera

on posterior shaft for muscle attachment

femur: gluteal tuberosity

attachment site for muscle

patella important structures

1. apex

2. facets for medial and lateral condyle of femur

3. surface for patellar ligament

patella: apex

located anteriorly and inferiorly

patella: surface for patellar ligament

located posterior to the apex

lower leg

2 bones:

1. tibia: larger and more medial

2. fibula

tibia: lateral condyle

proximal end, connects femur

tibia: medial condyle

proximal end, connects femur

tibia: intercondylar eminence

separates lateral and medial condyle

tibia: tibial tuberosity

patellar ligament attachment

tibia: medial malleolus

medial bulge of ankle

tibia: anterior border

ridge indicating the front

fibula: head

interacts with tibia at proximal tibiofibular joiny