ENG 1.2-1.4: Phonics, Phonological and Phonemic Awareness

Foundations of Reading

What is a grapheme?

The smallest part of written language that represents a phoneme in the spelling of a word.

There are 4 different _____ to represent the /k/ sound (phoneme)

c in cat

k in kite

-ck in duck

ch in school

graphemes

Phonics is the understanding that

there is a predictable relationship between phonemes and graphemes.

What is the alphabetic principle?

The concept that letters stand for sounds in a word.

_______ is a plan of instruction which includes a carefully selected set of letter-sound relationships that are organized into a logical sequence.

Systematic

Systematic is a plan of instruction which includes a ______ selected set of letter-sound relationships that are organized into a ______ _______.

Carefully, logical sequence

_______ programs provide teachers with precise directions for the teaching of these relationships.

Explicit

Explicit programs provide teachers with _____

directions for the teaching of phonics.

precise

Phonics instruction is most effective when it

begins in kindergarten or first grade

Kinder or 1st grade

Approximately _ years of phonics instruction is sufficient for most students.

2

Phonology refers to the study of how _____ are organized in language.

sounds

Phonology

The study of how sounds are organized in language

Understanding how sounds are put together and the patterns that those sounds take to create words and meaning is

Phonology

What is decoding?

The analysis of spoken or written symbols in order to understand their meaning.

Decoding primarily refers to

Word identification

Extensive oral vocabulary help with decoding skills by

Helping a reader recognize a word after sounding it out.

Morphology looks at all of the word parts (____, __, and __).

prefixes, roots, suffixes

Syntax is the ____ ___ of language

basic structure

The basic structure of language, how words, phrases, sentences and paragraphs are structures refers to

Syntax

What is a morpheme?

A unit of meaning that cannot be divided into smaller elements.

In the word kindly, there are 2 ____ - kind (root) and ly (suffix)

morphemes

In the word unreachable, there are 3 morphemes, which consists of

un as a ____

reach as a ____

able as a ______

prefix, root, suffix

What is a phoneme?

The smallest part of spoken language that makes a difference in the meaning of words.

The word if has 2 _____  (/i/ /f/)

phonemes

The word check has ? phonemes

3, /ch/ /e/ /k/

What is phonemic awareness?

The ability to hear, identify, and manipulate the individual sounds or phonemes in spoken words.

Hearing and Isolating individual sounds in cat - /c/, /a/, /t/

This child has demonstrated what ability?

Phonemic awareness

What is phonological awareness?

A broad term that involve work with phonemes, rhymes, words, syllables, onsets and rimes.

What is blending?

When children combine individual phonemes to form words.

In _____, students enunciate individual sounds and blend them together to make a word.

blending

What is segmenting?

When children break words into their individual phonemes.

In ______, children learn to break up spoken words into their separate sounds.

segmenting

What is an onset?

The initial consonant(s) sound of a syllable.

What is a rime?

The part of a syllable that contains the vowel and all that follows it.

How do oral rhyming activities promote phonemic awareness?

By helping children learn to attend to the sounds shared by words in the same word family.

What is a syllable?

A word part that contains a vowel or a vowel sound.

What principle does this example illustrate?

A child understands that the letter E says /eh/ or /ee/ and the letter K says /k/ before they can read and write.

Alphabetic principle

Word formation

Morphology

Sentence structure

Syntax

Meaning of words

Semantics

What area of linguistics is this an example of?

The word 'unhappiness' can be broken down into the prefix 'un-', the root 'happy', and the suffix '-ness'

Morphology

What area of linguistics is this an example of?

The word 'bank' can refer to a financial institution or the side of a river, demonstrating polysemy, where a single word has multiple meanings.

Semantics

•  “c……a…….t”

• “c…..a…..t”

• “c–a–t”

• “cat”

Is an example of

blending

• fish

• /f/

• /i/

• /sh/

is an example of

segmenting

Phonological awareness refers to ___ language

oral

Phonics refers to ___ words

printed

What is the focus for phonemic awareness?

Narrow focus on identifying and manipulating individual sounds in words

What is the focus for phonological awareness?

Broader focus, including larger parts of spoken language like words, syllables, and rhymes

What is the goal of phonics instruction?

to help children learn and use the Alphabetic Principle

How does the Alphabetic Principle help children?

It helps them recognize familiar words accurately and automatically, and decode new words.

What is phonemic awareness strongly related to?

reading achievement

Why does phonemic awareness come first?

Because children who cannot hear and work with the phonemes of spoken words will have a difficult time relating phonemes to graphemes in written words.

The ability to sound out a word by applying letter-sound relationships

Decoding

The ability to use letter-sound knowledge to write words (spelling).

Encoding