Lab 1 Bio 1117 Review sheet

Metric system

A measurement system based on multiples of 10

Multiples of 10 (lengths w/prefix)

Kilo-meter (km)

Meter - (m)

Deci-meter (dm)

Centi-meter (cm)

Milli-meter (mm)

Standard unit of length (Value)

1000 Meters (10³ Meters)

1 Meter

0.1 meter (10^-1 meter)

.01 meter (10^-2 meter)

.001 meter (10^-3 meter)

Meniscus

The curved surface of a liquid in a container. (Smile)

The definition of science

The systematic study of the natural world through observation and testing

Definition of hypothesis

A testable, tentative explanation for an observation

Definition of inductive reasoning

Using specific observations to develop a general conclusion

Definition of deductive reasoning

Using a general rule or principle to predict a specific outcome

Example of inductive reasoning

Ex: bacteria, plants, and animals

Example of deductive reasoning

Ex: animals, cells, and genetics

List of scientific method

1. Observation

2. Question

3. Hypothesis

4. Prediction

5. Experiment

6. Analysis and Interpretation of data

7. Retesting

Can you ever prove a hypothesis with your data? Why or why not?

No, scientific data cannot definitively prove a hypothesis to be true. The data may support the hypothesis, but future experiments or new evidence could show that it is incorrect.

The definition of organic molecules

Usually contain carbon bonded to hydrogen (C–H), such as carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.

The definition of inorganic molecules

Generally do not have carbon–hydrogen bonds.

Organic molecule

Inorganic molecule

Glucose carbohydrates (sugars) picture

Fructose picture

Disaccharide picture

Maltose

Sucrose picture

Amino acid — general structure picture

Glycine picture

Alanine picture

Dipeptide picture

Polypeptide picture

Definition of functional groups

Organic molecules contain groups of atoms that give the molecule certain chemical characteristics, so they function in a specific way during chemical reactions.

Examples of functional groups

Ex: Alcohol or Hydroxyl group, Amino group, Acid or Carboxyl group, and Methyl

Organic molecules (alcohol or hydroxyl group)

—OH

Organic molecules (Amino group)

—NH2 or —H/—N/—H

Organic molecules (acid or carboxyl group)

—COOH or —==O/—C/—OH

Organic molecules (methyl)

—CH3 or H/—C—H/H

Creating polymers: dehydration synthesis

A monomer is a small building block. A polymer is a larger molecule made from repeating building blocks.

Dehydration synthesis joins molecules by removing water.

Creating polymers: Hydrolysis

Hydrolysis breaks a bond between two molecules by adding water.

Major difference between sugars and fats

Sugars are carbohydrates; fats are lipids.

Type of bond found between amino acids in protein

peptide bond

How amino acids different from each other

The R group

The amount of water molecules are formed during creation of a triglyceride

3 water molecules

color of carbon

black

color of hydrogen

white

color of oxygen

red

color of nitrogen

blue

definition of macromolecules

molecules that consist of many smaller structural units

definition of polymers

large molecule made up of many smaller monomers joined together by chemical bonds.

mono vs di vs polysaccharides

mono = 1

di = 2

poly = 3+

Major categories of biological molecules

carbohydrates, lipids, protein, and nucleic acids

monomer for carbohydrates

monosaccharide, simple sugar

monomer for lipids

fatty acids

monomer for protein

amino acid

monomer for nucleic acids

nucleotides

main function of carbohydrates

provide energy

main function of lipids

long-term energy storage

main functions of proteins

growth and repair of body tissues

main function of nucleic acids

genetic information

Reagents used to test each biological molecule

Benedicts Solution

Iodine

Sudan IV

Biuret reagent

Identification of positive vs negative results (Benedicts Solution)

Blue changes to green, yellow, orange, or brick-red

none→trace→low→moderate→high

Identification of positive vs negative results (Iodine)

Yellow-brown changes to purple

no starch→starch present

Identification of positive vs negative results (Sudan IV)

Stays yellow or Red-stained oil layer or droplets appear

no lipids→lipids present

Identification of positive vs negative results (Biuret)

Blue→purple→pink

none→proteins→peptide present