Rates of Reactions - Temperature and Collision Theory

Flashcards covering rates of reaction, Collision Theory, the effect of temperature on particle kinetics, chemical equations, and experimental variable design based on the lecture slides.

What is the word equation for the reaction between potassium carbonate and sulfuric acid?

potassium carbonate + sulfuric acid $\rightarrow$ Potassium Sulfate + Carbon Dioxide + Water

What is the balanced chemical equation for the reaction between sulfuric acid and potassium carbonate?

$$H_2SO_4 + K_2CO_3 \rightarrow K_2SO_4 + CO_2 + H_2O$$

What shape is a sodium chloride crystal?

Cube shaped / cubic form

What does Collision Theory state regarding how reactions occur and how rate is determined?

For a reaction to occur between two substances, their particles must collide with each other. The more successful collisions that occur per second, the faster the reaction.

According to Collision Theory, what three conditions must be met for a chemical reaction to occur?

1. There must be a collision between the reacting particles. 2. The particles must collide with sufficient energy to break forces holding particles together. 3. The particles must collide in the correct orientation (or position).

Based on this collision theory diagram, what two conditions are required for reacting particles to produce a reaction rather than 'no reaction'?

Correct orientation and sufficient energy.

What is the definition of reaction rate?

The reaction rate describes how fast a chemical reaction occurs.

What are two ways that the rate of a chemical reaction can be measured?

By finding out how quickly reactants are used up or how quickly products are formed.

How does reaction rate typically change from the beginning of a reaction until it stops?

Reactions usually begin rapidly and then slow down as the reactants are used up; eventually, the reaction stops when one (or both) of the reactants has been used up.

How does increasing temperature affect particle movement and reaction rate according to Collision Theory?

Increasing the temperature gives particles more kinetic energy, meaning they move faster, collide more frequently, and a greater proportion have enough energy for successful or effective collisions, making the reaction rate faster.

Why does sugar dissolve more quickly in hot tea than in cold water?

In hot water, the water particles have more kinetic energy, move faster, and bump into sugar particles more frequently, which causes the sugar to dissolve faster.

What is the general word equation for an acid reacting with a carbonate?

acid + carbonate $\rightarrow$ salt + water + carbon dioxide

What is the word equation for the reaction between hydrochloric acid and calcium carbonate?

hydrochloric acid + calcium carbonate $\rightarrow$ calcium chloride + water + carbon dioxide

What does the term 'collide' mean?

To crash or bump into.

In Olivia and Emma's temperature experiment, what was the independent variable?

Different temperatures (trials were run at pre-cooled $6\,^\circ\text{C}$, room temperature, pre-heated $30\,^\circ\text{C}$, and $42\,^\circ\text{C}$).

In Olivia and Emma's temperature experiment, what was the dependent variable?

How many seconds it took to produce half a tube of gas (the time before the boiling tube was half full of gas).

Which two controlled variables did Olivia explicitly mention keeping constant in her report?

The same amount of $HCl$ ($10\,\text{mL}$) and the same people doing the experiment.

What are controlled variables that should have been kept constant in Emma and Olivia's experiment that were not explicitly listed in their written procedure?

The same amount of $Mg$, the same purity of $Mg$, the same concentration of $HCl$, the same method of timing, and the same equipment.

What are the word and balanced chemical equations for the reaction between magnesium and hydrochloric acid?

Word equation: magnesium + hydrochloric acid $\rightarrow$ magnesium chloride + hydrogen. Balanced equation: $Mg + 2HCl \rightarrow MgCl_2 + H_2$.

What is the general shape of the graph plotting the time taken to fill a tube with gas against temperature for the magnesium and acid experiment?

It slopes downwards to the right, showing that as temperature increases, the time taken to produce the gas decreases.