APUSH Unit 2 Test

INTRO

Where did we leave off with Unit 1?

Monroe's Era of Good Feelings - not so good considering panic of 1819, etc.

What was the Era of Good Feelings really full of?

Political change! (collapse of Federalist party creates a one-party system dominated by the democratic republican party)

How so?

Economic factors - panic of 1819 + MO Compromise (= power between free + slave states in Congress) --> division; issue of slavery --> division in 1820s and 30s; new political parties emerged; new methods of campaigning; European nations took up democratic practices

What was a key political change?

Political conflict was celebrated as necessary for democracy, no longer feared

What other types of change occurred during the Era of Good Feelings?

Economic change - more ppl participated in trade + economy of consumerism

What was the other major (political) change?

Rise of 2 party system - Democrats and Whigs --> voter turnout increased

Alright, real content now --> ELECTION OF 1824

When Monroe decided to leave after 2 terms, who expected to be president?

John Quincy Adams, his Sec. of State

Who ran in the election of 1824?

John Quincy Adams - MA, Andrew Jackson - TN, William Crawford - GA, and Henry Clay - KY

What did this lead to?

Sectionalism - geographic sections with diff ideas supported diff candidates

What did the Northeast prioritize? Who was popular there?

Global trade, shipping, manufacturing --> John Quincy Adams

What did the Mid-Atlantic states prioritize? Who was popular there?

Industrialization, growth of infrastructure --> John Quincy Adams + Andrew Jackson

What did the South prioritize? Who was popular there?

Maintaining slavery, cotton --> Andrew Jackson + William Crawford

What did the West prioritize? Who was popular there?

Large-scale farming, native intrusions, BR in Canada --> Andrew Jackson + Henry Clay

Why was Andrew Jackson so popular?

War hero (Battle of New Orleans) and Favorite Son

Who won the popular vote? Did he win the electoral vote?

Jackson won popular vote but didn't get enough electoral votes

...so what happened?

Candidate with lowest electoral votes was eliminated - Henry Clay out of race but as Speaker of the House, had lots of power over who became president

Who else was (unofficially) pushed out of race?

Crawford - had a stroke, health was declining

Which two candidates was the race really between?

Adams and Jackson

Who did Clay decide to support?

Hated Jackson --> supported Adams

What did he do?

Sent his ppl to meet w/ Adams' ppl to say we'll support you if you make Clay Secretary of State --> leg up to be future pres

Who won the election? What did he do?

Adams, made Clay Sec. of State

How did Jackson's supporters react?

Outraged, claimed election was stolen from them by "Corrupt Bargain"

What did this outrage show?

Political change - political favors of the past now thought to undermine of democracy (the era of elite-driven, back-room political decision-making was no longer acceptable to the American public)

ADAMS' PRESIDENCY

Was Adams a good president?

No - great sec. of state but bad president --> was not popular due to Nationalistic views and lack of support for states' rights (also didn’t change public officers for people who supported him which many of his followers were mad about)

What else did Americans dislike about Adams?

His land policy - Adams wanted to deal fairly with Indians while Westerners wanted further expansion, removal of Indians + Southerners (GA) went head to head with 5 Civilized Tribes

Was Adams successful in maintaining his land policy?

No - Georgia thretened to resort to arms --> Adams backed off

ELECTION OF 1828

Who immediately began campaigning after Adams' election?

Jackson

How had the Republicans divided themselves prior to the election?

Democrats - founded by Jackson + National Republicans - supported Adams

How did the Democrats present Jackson? How did they present Adams?

Jackson - rough advocate for the common man (despite his manor and slaves); Adams - corrupt aristocrat

How did the two sides attack each other?

Spread rumors/criticisms; National Repubs called Jackson's mom a prostitute + wife a cheater; Democrats criticized Adams' pool table + accused him of acting as a pimp for the Russian Tsar

Who won the election?

Jackson

What was the result?

Political center of the U.S. shifted from the East to the West *National Repubs become Whigs under Clay during Jackson's 1st term

JACKSON'S PRESIDENCY

How was Jackson a unique president?

Rough upbringing made him prone to fighting, 1st pres from the West, 2nd pres w/o college education (though he was a lawyer and congressmen), lived like an aristocrat but shared common ppl's prejudices

Who did his presidency open the White House door to?

The common man - "Hickoryites"

What other changes occurred under Jackson?

Universal White Male Suffrage (allowing almost all white men over 21 to vote regardless of wealth.); organized political parties + campaigning w/ booze and BBQ; the Spoils System

What was Jackson's Spoils System?

Rewarding political supporters w/ public office on grounds that all are equal and deserve a position

What was the result of the system?

People openly bought positions + criminals/thieves ended up in power --> disliked by Whigs

What issue did Jackson face just like Adams had?

Tariff issue - tariffs protected industry from competition but raised prices --> supported by middle states + New England

Which tariff, specifically, sparked controversy under Jackson?

Tariff of Abominations - Congress had raised general tariff to spite Adams in 1824 + tariff went into effect in 1828 (signed by Adams)

Who disliked this tariff?

Southerners - felt they were being discriminated against as consumers of manufactured goods, feared gov would go after slavery next + wanted to be proactive

What did the Southern states do?

SC protested tariffs w/ SC Exposition written by Calhoun - called tariff unconstitutional + urged states to nullify it

Who were the "nullies"?

Nullifiers who tried to get 2/3 vote in SC throughout Jackson's 1st term; blocked by Unionists

How did Congress respond?

Passed new Tariff of 1832, fixing some problems but deepening Nullification Crisis overall

How did SC respond?

Got 2/3 majority, nullified tariff + threatened to leave the Union if Federal gov retaliated with force

How did Jackson react?

Didn't care for tariffs but wouldn't stand for defiance --> prepped military, forcing SC to fight or surrender

What new legislature passed in Congress?

Compromise Tariff of 1833 - would reduce rates overtime, backed by Clay; Force Bill - authorized president to use armed forces to collect tariff duties

Did SC surrender?

Yes - repealed nullification of tariff but nullified Force Bill as last act of defiance

What other issue did Jackson share with Adams?

Conflicts with Indians as a result of expansion

How had Americans felt toward Indians in the past?

Many felt they could be assimilated --> sent missionaries and funded education in late 1700s

How did they feel by the 1820s?

Just wanted land

What did GA do?

Asserted jurisdiction over Indian affairs + declared Cherokee council illegal in 1828

How did the Indians react? Did they receive support?

Appealed to Supreme Court for help + John Marshall upheld their rights, but Jackson disagreed

What policy did Jackson create?

Indian Removal Act (1830) - promised Indians safety from Americans if they relocated West

How did the policy affect Indians?

Forced them to emigrate; many died on Trail of Tears (1836-7) to Indian Territory; whites didn't actually leave them alone

How did Americans react to future Indian revolts?

Crushed them - Black Hawk War (1832) + guerilla war with Seminoles (1835-1842)

Finally, how did Jackson feel about banking?

Distrusted powerful private banks + bankers despite economic benefits --> disliked Bank of U.S. and leader, Biddle

What errupted in 1832?

Bank War of 1832 - between Jackson and Clay

What did Clay and Webster propose?

Bill to renew bank's charter early; Clay assumed bill would be a lose-lose for Jackson no matter how he responded

How did Jackson respond?

Vetoed bill + called bank unconstitutional despite Supreme Court's contradictory ruling

What was the significance of this response?

Squashed bank bill, amplified power of pres, made the bank a key issue in the 1832 election

ELECTION OF 1832

Who ran in the election of 1832?

Jackson - backed by democrats, and Clay - backed by Whigs

What factors made the election particularly memorable?

3rd political party - Anti-Masonic party, opposed Masonic order; calling of 3 nominating conventions to name candidates; Anti-Masons + Whigs adopted formal platforms

Who won?

Jackson despite Clay's advantages (funds, press)

JACKSON'S 2ND TERM

What did Jackson decide to do to get rid of the bank for good?

Removed bank's federal deposits in 1833 + placed funds in state pet-banks

What did Biddle do? What was the result?

Called in loans to keep bank alive --> minor financial crisis, inflation

What did Jackson pass to fix economy? What was the result?

Specie Circular - required land be bought with metal $ --> financial crash in 1837 for next president to deal with

What initially united the Whigs?

Dislike of Jackson - party first emerged in Senate in 1834 + evolved by attracting other anti-Jackson groups

How did the Whigs see themselves? What did they support?

As conservative, though they were actually progressive - called for internal improvements not expansion; supported schools, prisons, market economy; claimed to rep common man

ELECTION OF 1836

Who did the two parties promote to run in election of 1836?

Jackson promoted Martin Van Buren (VP); Whigs promoted multiple favorite sons - leading was William Henry Harrison

Who won?

Van Buren

VAN BUREN'S PRESIDENCY

What challenges did Van Buren face?

Resented by Democrats; rebellions in Canada in 1837; anti-slavery agitators in North - condemned annexation of Texas; inherited Jackson's financial crisis

How did improvements in transportation and communication impact the nation?

Connected nation - fluctuating currencies, speculation, Bank War, failed crops, economic strain in EU --> panic of 1837

What solution did the Whigs propose? Van Buren?

Whigs proposed expanding bank credit + tariffs; Van Buren passed Divorce Bill to separate gov and banking in 1840

What was the impact of the bill?

Established independent treasury, wrecked credit resources; repealed by Whigs in 1841 + brought back in 1846

How did the U.S. acquire Texas?

Mexico gave Texas to U.S. in 1823 after Mexico became independent; Texas pioneers were mostly law-abiding and religious but ignored agreement to not bring slaves

What led to friction between Texans and Mexicans?

Disagreements over slavery, immigration, and rights - Texans ignored prohibition of slaves, Mexican dictator imprisoned Stephen Austin, Texan negotiator --> major fight when dictator prepped army in 1835

What fight occurred?

Lone Star Rebellion - Texans declared ind. in 1836 and began fighting w/ Sam Houston as commander; Santa Anna (dictator) won battles but was captured + forced to sign treaties surrendering/making Rio Grande boundary of Texas

What was the result of these treaties?

Santa Anna claimed agreement was illegal, putting U.S. gov in tough spot; Texans petitioned for annexation in 1837

MAKERS OF AMERICA - TEXANS

What led to the Texas Revolution?

Moses Austin wanted to be Spanish so set up a colony in Spanish Texas; New Europeans joined colony w/ slaves until Anglos outnumbered Mexicans; Texas Rev - contest between Hispanic and Anglos/liberal and conservative

ELECTION OF 1840

Who were the candidates in the election? How did the Whigs present them?

Van Buren - backed by Democrats, aristocrat; Henry Harrison - backed by Whigs, common man

Who won? What did they plan to do?

William Henry Harrison - Whigs planned to expand economy

What changes in politics since the Era of Good Feelings became clear in the 1840 election?

Democracy became respectable; common man was at center of politics; formation of durable 2-party system - had their differences but both were diverse + urged ppl to vote

EARLY-MID 19TH CENTURY

What led to reform in the 1800s? What kinds of reform?

Revolution in character of Americans esp due to religion (2nd Great Awakening) --> reform in education, suffrage, health, abolition

How was religion of the 1800s different from religion of colonial days?

Fewer Americans went to church; Founding Fathers embraced deism - science over bible; Protestants started seeing humans as good + God as loving father

How did the environment in which ppl practiced religion change?

Roads/canals allowed for transportation --> less connection to familiar churches, easier travel for preachers

How did the Second Great Awakening change religion?

Encouraged new sects and movements; spread to ppl through camp meetings + traveling preachers like Peter Cartwright and Charles Finney; feminized religion

How did revivals affect religious faiths/sects?

Further divided them - NY became Burned-Over District; awakening widened lines between classes/regions that were/weren't as affected by it; slavery --> schisms

Who established the Mormons?

Joseph Smith in 1830