GCSE PE: key term/ defintions paper 1

paper 1 aqa gcse key terms

Aerobic respiration

glucose+ oxygen carbon dioxide + water (+energy)

Aerobic training zone

heart rate zone allowing aerobic system to be trained- 60-80% of maximum heart rate

Abduction

movement away from the midline of the body

Adduction

movements towards the midline of the body

Agonist

the contracting muscle in an antagonistic muscle pair responsible for the main force of the movement

Alveoli

tiny air sacs at the end of bronchioles where gas exchange occurs

Anaerobic respiration

glucose lactic acid + (energy)

Anaerobic training zones

heart rate zone allowing anaerobic system to be trained- 80-90% of maximum heart rate

Antagonist

the relaxing muscle in an antagonistic pair that lengths to allow movement

Antagonistic muscle pair

two muscles that work together to produce movement in opposite directions at a joint

Articulating bones

the bones that meet and move against each other at a point

Anticipatory rise

the slight increase in heart rate before exercise starts to prepare the body for activity

Atrium

one of two upper chambers of the heart that receive blood from veins

Artery

a blood vessel with thick, muscular walls that carries blood away from the heart at high pressure

Bradycardia

lowered resting heart rate due to long term exercising- below 60 bpm

Backflow

the flowing backwards of blood- valves in veins prevent this

Bursae

fluid filled sacs that reduce friction

Blood pressure

the pressure the blood is under: systolic or diastolic

Capillaries

thin walled blood vessels that join arteries and veins

Cardiac output

the amount of blood ejected form the heart in one minute (stroke volume x heart rate)

Cardiac cycle

the pressure of the heart going through the stages of system and diastole in the atria and ventricles- the repeated contraction and relaxation of the heart

Cardiovascular endurance (aerobic power)

the ability of the heart and lungs to supply oxygen to working muscles

Cartilage

tissue at the end of bones that acts a buffer, absorbing shock and preventing friction between bones

Dehydration

excessive loss of body water interrupting the function of the body

Diastole

when the chamber relaxes and fills with blood

Dorsiflexion

raising of toes towards tibia

Eccentric contraction

lengthening of muscle (isotonic)

Expiration

the expulsion of air from the lungs- due to volume of chest cavity decreasing

Extension

movement that causes the angel at the joint to increase

Excess Post-exercise Oxygen Consumption

increase rate of oxygen intake following strenuous exercise

Embolism

the backage of a blood vessel

Expiratory reserve volume

the additional air that can be forcibly exhaled after the expiration of a normal tidal volume

Flexion

the movement that causes the angle at the joint to decrease

Fatigue

physical or mental feeling of e2xtreme or severe tiredness due to build up of lactic acid or working for long periods of time

Flexibility

range of possible movements at a joint

haemoglobin

the protein in the red blood cells that transports oxygen as oxyhaemoglobin and carbon dioxide

heart rate

the number of times the heart beats per minute

heart chambers

the right and left arita and ventricles

hypertrophy

the enlargements of an organ or tissue from the increase in size of its cells

hypertension

high blood pressure in the arteries

isometric contraction

where the muscle does length does not alter when contracting

isotonic contraction

muscle contraction that results in limb movement

inspiration

the intake of air into the lungs due to the increase in volume of chest cavity

inspiratory reserve volume

the additional air that can be forcibly inhaled after in inspiration of a normal tidal volume

joint capsule

encloses and supports the joint

ligaments

attach bone to bone

maximal heart rate

220-age

muscular endurance (dynamic strength)

the ability of a muscle/ muscle group to undergo repeated contractions avoiding fatigue

plantar flexion

action of points toes in a downwards motion

power (explosive strength)

strength x speed

pulse raiser

usually as part of a warm up like a light jog which raises the heart rate

recovery

the time required to repair the damage to the body caused by training or competition

residual volume

volume of air left in the lungs after maximal expiration

rehydration

consumption of water to restore hydration after exercise (2 litres)

rotation

the circular movement of a limb around its axis (bone)

skeletal system

provides the framework of bones for movement in conjunction with the muscular system

speed

the maximum rate at which an individual is able to perform a movement or cover a distance in a period of time, putting the body parts into action as quickly as possible (distance/ time)

systole

when the heart is contracting expelling blood

spirometer trace

the measure of lungs volume

static stretching

holding a stretch still

stroke volume

the volume of blood pumped out of the heart by each ventricle during one contraction

strength

the ability to overcome resistance

synovial joint

an area of the body where articulate bones meet to allow range of movements

synovial membrane

secretes synovial fluid

synovial fluid

lubricates the joint

tendon

attaches muscle to bone

tidal volume

the volume of air inspired or expired per breath

vasoconstriction

when arterioles constrict to restrict blood flow

vasodilation

when arterioles dilate to increase blood flow

vein

blood vessel with large lumen contacting valves carrying blood back towards the heart

vital capacity

largest volume of air that can be forcibly expired following largest inspiration

movement analysis

axis

imaginary line through the body around which it rotates

effort

force applied to move the load

fulcrum

fixed pivot point where movement occurs (joint)

first class lever system

lever used to move heavy loads easily fulcrum in the middle (e.g. extension at the elbow)

frontal plane

divides the body horizontally front to back

lever

rigid bar (bone) that turns about an axis to create movement, this force comes from muscles

load

the weight that needs to2 be moved (e.g. body weight or piece of equipment like a weight)

low mechanical advantage

requires high muscular force(effort) to move small weight- load arm is longer than the effort arm: increased range of movements and high speed

high mechanical advantage

involves weight being lifted with relatively small muscular force - effort arm is longer than the load arm

mechanical advantage

efficiency of a working lever: effort arm/ resistance arm

plane

imaginary flat surface running through the body along which movements can take place

sagittal axis

divides the body through the belly button horizontally front to back

sagittal plane

divides the body vertically left to right

second class lever

lever at the ankle joint which has a mechanical advantage, the load is the in middle

transverse plane

divides the top and bottom of the body horizontally

transverse axis

divides the body through the hips horizontally

third class lever system

effort is located in the middle, used to increase speed and range of motion- LOW MA

physical training

agility

the ability to move and change direction at speed whilst maintaining control

balance

the maintenance of centre of mass over the base of support

bicuspid valve

between the left atrium and left ventricle of heart preventing backflow

circuit training

a series of exercise stations whereby periods of work are interspersed with periods of rest

continuous training

working for sustained periods of time without rest- improved cardiovascular endurance

coordination

the ability to use two or more parts of the body together smoothly and efficiently

competition season

: playing season with matches

cramp

involuntary contraction of a muscle

cool down

undertaken after exercise to speed recovery by graduall2y lowering heart rate to resting levels

Delayed onset of muscle soreness

pain felt in the muscles the days after exercise