2.3 lab prat

• Where does protein digestion begin?

Stomach.

• Which extra muscle layer lets the stomach churn vigorously?

Inner oblique layer of the muscularis externa.

• Match the lining to each organ. Esophagus vs. stomach.

Esophagus: stratified squamous. Stomach: simple columnar.

• Which GI wall layer contains the larger blood and lymphatic vessels beneath the mucosa?

Submucosa.

• Which sphincter controls chyme entry into the duodenum?

Pyloric sphincter.

• Which valve lies where the ileum meets the cecum?

Ileocecal valve.

Image 2B. Distinguish villi from microvilli.

Villi are mucosal projections. Microvilli project from individual epithelial cells.

Image 2D. Name the mucus-secreting glands in the duodenal submucosa.

Duodenal (Brunner) glands.

Which omentum hangs like an apron and which attaches to the lesser curvature?

Greater: apron. Lesser: lesser curvature.

Image 1B. Which organ stores and concentrates bile?

Gallbladder.

Which pancreatic cells supply digestive enzymes: acinar cells or islet cells?

Acinar cells.

Image 3D. What fastens the tooth root to its bony socket?

Periodontal ligament.

Image 3E. Which material covers the root surface?

Cementum (cement).

Which are stomach folds and which are folds of intestinal mucosa plus submucosa?

Rugae: stomach. Circular folds: small intestine.

Image 1F. Name the pouchlike sacs of the large intestine.

Haustra.

Which clusters of lymphoid tissue are characteristic of the ileum?

Peyer's patches (aggregated lymphoid nodules).

Which intestine is the main nutrient-absorption site and which forms feces while reclaiming water?

Small intestine: most nutrients. Large intestine: forms feces and reclaims water.

• Where do salivary amylase and the two listed pancreatic enzymes act?

Amylase: mouth. Trypsin and pancreatic lipase: small intestine.

• A = trypsin. B = pancreatic lipase. Which originates in the pancreas: A, B, Both, or Neither?

Both. Trypsin is released as trypsinogen.

• What is the substrate of salivary amylase in the review table?

Starch.

• Match the substrates. Trypsin vs. pancreatic lipase.

Trypsin: proteins/peptides. Lipase: fats (triglycerides).

• In Goode's table, what is salivary amylase's optimal pH?

6.7–7.0.

• In Goode's table, what is trypsin's optimal pH?

About 8.

• In Goode's table, what is pancreatic lipase's optimal pH range?

7.4–8.0.

• What in pancreatic juice neutralizes acidic chyme in the duodenum?

Bicarbonate.

Why can an enzyme stop working after extreme heat even if peptide bonds remain intact?

Denaturation changes its shape and active site.

Do most long-chain dietary fats initially enter villus blood capillaries or lacteals?

Lacteals, packaged as chylomicrons.

Where do absorbed amino acids and monosaccharides enter first in a villus?

Blood capillaries.

Which motion mainly mixes chyme and which propels it forward?

Segmentation mixes. Peristalsis propels.

Acidic chyme triggers release of which hormone that stimulates pancreatic bicarbonate?

Secretin.

Which hormone stimulates gallbladder contraction and pancreatic enzyme release?

Cholecystokinin (CCK).

What does a hydrolase add to split a bond?

Water.

Which hormone from the stomach stimulates gastric HCl secretion?

Gastrin.

Match the final digestive products to carbohydrate, protein and fat.

Carbohydrate: monosaccharides. Protein: amino acids. Fat: fatty acids and monoglycerides.

• How is urine moved down the ureters?

Peristalsis.

• Image 4A. Name the basin that drains into the ureter.

Renal pelvis.

• Image 5A and 5B. Name the arteriole feeding the glomerulus and the one draining it.

5A afferent enters. 5B efferent leaves.

• Match the capillary beds. Filtration vs. uptake of reabsorbed solutes.

Glomerulus filters. Peritubular capillaries receive reabsorbed substances.

• State the directions of tubular reabsorption and tubular secretion.

Reabsorption: tubule to blood. Secretion: blood to tubule.

• Image 5C. Which segment has dense microvilli and does most tubular reabsorption?

Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT).

Which cup-shaped structure receives filtrate from the glomerulus?

Glomerular (Bowman) capsule.

Image 5D. What receives tubular fluid from multiple nephrons?

Collecting duct.

What is the tightly adherent covering on the kidney surface?

Fibrous capsule.

Which urinary sphincter is under voluntary control?

External urethral sphincter (skeletal muscle).

What three openings mark the bladder trigone?

Two ureteral openings and one internal urethral opening.

What epithelium lets the bladder wall stretch?

Transitional epithelium (urothelium).

Which two labels did Goode accept for the location of the macula densa?

Ascending limb or DCT, at their junction near the glomerulus.

Which kidney region is superficial and which contains the pyramids with many collecting ducts?

Cortex: superficial. Medulla: pyramids.

Where are the granular (juxtaglomerular) cells of the JGC?

In the wall of the afferent arteriole.

What two things does the juxtaglomerular complex regulate?

Filtrate formation and systemic blood pressure.

• What normal daily urine output did Goode give on November 9?

About 1–2 L/day. Manual p617 gives 0.8–1.8 L/day.

• Which pigment gives normal urine its yellow color?

Urochrome.

• With dehydration, what happens to urine volume, color and specific gravity?

Volume falls, color darkens, specific gravity rises.

• Why are glucose and large plasma proteins normally absent from urine?

Glucose is filtered and reabsorbed. Large proteins are largely held back by the filter.

• What are the three principal nitrogenous wastes in urine?

Urea, uric acid and creatinine.

Distinguish hematuria from hemoglobinuria.

Hematuria: intact red cells. Hemoglobinuria: free hemoglobin.

Name the finding of glucose in urine.

Glycosuria (glucosuria).

Name the finding of abnormal protein in urine.

Proteinuria. Albuminuria is specifically urinary albumin.

Which term means urine contains ketone bodies?

Ketonuria.

Which term means white cells or pus are present in urine?

Pyuria.

If the filtration barrier is intact, where can urine red cells come from?

Bleeding into the urinary tract downstream, such as from a stone.

Compare organized and unorganized urinary sediment.

Organized: cells and casts. Unorganized: crystals or precipitated chemicals.

For Goode's Q2 comparison, how do urinary sodium vs. potassium/phosphate/sulfate concentrations compare with filtrate?

Sodium: lower. Potassium, phosphate and sulfate: higher. This is the review-sheet model.

Proteus produces urease. Does this make urine more acidic or more alkaline, and why?

More alkaline: urease converts urea to ammonia.

What are renal calculi?

Kidney stones.