Botany 1 Exam

4 classes of macromolecules

1. lipids

2. carbohydrates

3. proteins

4. nucleic acids

What are the four classes of macromolecules built on?

• built on monomers to form polymers

Lipids: what they are, characteristics of them

• fats and oils

• waxes

• sterols/ steroids

• fatty acids

• usually hydrophobic but can have some hydrophilic functional groups

• fats: solid, packed relationship like in meats, shea butter

• Oils: liquid loose relationship

Lipids: phospholipids

• phospholipid membranes

  • have hydrophilic phosphate head

  • have hydrophobic carbon chain

• waxes: cutin

  • seals plants form leaking water

Carbohydrates: what they are, characteristics of them

• sugars

• for every carbon there should be an oxygen (for a monomer)

• large chain of glucose= starch (long term storage)

  • amylose takes apart starch backwards

• alternation of alpha and beta linkages= cellulose (for structure)

  • dietary fiber, can’t digest (human), in cell walls

Proteins: what they are, characteristics

• structure, anchoring, metabolic

• energy, signaling, transcription/translation

• structure level

  • primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary

• reaction group

  • what defines each amino acid

• amino group

  • on end of each amino acid

Nucleic Acid

• DNA, RNA

• ATP

• nuclei: site of RNA synthesis

Cells

be able to label all parts and define them

• nuclei: site of RNA synthesis

• ribosomes: translation, protein synthesis

• Membrane: phospholipids

• Primary Cell wall

• Secondary Cell wall:

  • hemicellulose

  • lignin

  • stem, xylem cells

• Plasmodesmata: connection b/w cells

• Vacuole:

  • storage

  • hydrostatic pressure

• Golgi

• Cytoplasm

• Rough ER vs Smooth ER

• Plastids (chloro and others)

  • 2 membranes, inner= Thylakeid

  • has its own chromosomes

• Mitochondria

  • folds called cristae

  • 2 membranes

  • has it owns chromosomes

  • cellular respiration

Prokaryote vs Eukaryote chromosome

• circular chromosome

• linear chromosome

Membrane of cells

• made of phospholipids

• fatty tail- 1 unsaturated for oily membrane to move around

• phosphate heads interact with each other and the polar water

• aquaporins: transport proteins through the membranes

Fluid Mosaic Model

• composed of a lot of different components that move around and interact

• moves large molecules through carrier and channel proteins

How are large molecules moved through a membrane?

• Endocytosis

• Exocytosis

Endosymbiotic Theory

• Ancestral Eukaryote absorbed free living prokaryote which led to little battery in the eukaryote —> formed mitochondria in cell through symbiotic relationship

Secondary Endosymbiotic Theory

• cyanobacteria + plastids were absorbed by an ancestral eukaryote that was already previously absorbed

Mitosis

asexual reproduction and growth

creates clones

Meiosis

sex cell formation

Prophase

• chromosomes condense

• nuclear membrane dissolves

• spindle aparrates and attaches to centromeres

Metaphase