Deuterostome Animals

deuterostome

radial cleavage, anus forms first, coelom forms from out pockets of mesoderm

echinodermata

sea stars, sea urchins, and sand dollars

echinodermata characteristics

all marine, radial symmetry as adults and bilateral symmetry as larvae, asexual/sexual, external fertilization, water-vascular system

water-vascular system

series of branching, fluid-filled tubes and chambers; echinodermata synapomorphy

pharyngeal gill slits

gills in aquatic species

notochord

aids in vertebrae development

dorsal hollow nerve cord

spinal cord

muscular post-anal tail

lost in some groups

cephalochordate

lancelets

cephalochordate characteristics

simple fish-like body; suspension feeders that burrow in the sand

urochordates

tunicates, salps

urochordates characteristics

polysaccharide tunic, solitary/colonia, mobile/sessile, suspension feeders

vertebrae

fish, frogs, humans, birds, lizards

vertebrate characteristics

cranium and vertebrae, bone or cartilage endoskeleton, three brain regions, diverse forms of sexual reproduction (based on how animal is born)

cranium and vertebrae

vertebrates synapomorphies- protect CNS

oviparity

lay eggs, animals hatch out

viviparity

live birth; embryo develops in female and born alive

ovoviparity

egg develops inside female then either hatches in female then born OR born very soon after laid

tetrapods

4 footed mammals, amphibians, and reptiles

amphibians

water required for gas exchange, eggs require water

Hox Genes

expressed at same time and location during development of limbs and fins; bone structure homologous, transitional forms over evolutionary time

amniotic egg

shell, albumen, yolk sac, amnion, chorion, and allantois

albumen

provides water and mechanical support

chorion

allows gas exchange

amnion

contains embryo

allantois

contains, processes, and removes waste

yolk sac

contains nutrients

monotremes

egg laying

marsupials

pouch bearing

eutherians

placental animals

placenta trade-offs

prevents water loss, time for development, stable environment, can move environments, energy costs

reptiles

watertight scales, amniotic eggs, ectothermy

amniotes

mammal adaptations to land- skin, fur/hair, endothermy, amniotic egg or placenta

ray-finned fishes

salmons, eels, tuna, goldfish

vertebrate lineages

jawless and jawed fishes

jawless fishes

hagfish (loss of vertebrates, no appendages) and lampreys (no appendages)

jawed fishes

cartilaginous fishes, ray-finned fishes, coelacanths, lungfish