NURS1045: Module 7 BLOOD, LYMPH, AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS

antibody

Protective protein produced by B lymphocytes in response to the presence of a specific foreign substance called an antigen

antigen

Substance, recognized as harmful to the host, that stimulates formation of antibodies in an immunocompetent individual

bile pigment

Substance derived from the breakdown of hemoglobin and excreted by the liver

cytokine

Chemical substance produced by certain cells that initiates, inhibits, increases, or decreases activity in other cells

dendritic cell

Specialized type of monocyte that displays antigens on its cell surface and presents them to components of the immune system

immunocompetent

Possessing the ability to develop an immune response

natural killer cells

Specialized lymphocytes that destroy virally infected cells and tumor cells by releasing chemicals that disrupt their cell membranes, causing their intercellular fluid to leak out

aden/o

gland

agglutin/o

clumping, gluing

blast/o

embryonic cell

chrom/o

color

erythr/o

red

granul/o

granule

hem/o, hemat/o

blood

immun/o

immune, immunity, safe

leuk/o

white

lymph/o

lymph

lymphaden/o

lymph gland

lymphangi/o

lymph vessel

morph/o

form, shape, structure

myel/o

bone marrow, spinal cord

nucle/o

nucleus

phag/o

swallowing, eating

poikil/o

varied, irregular

ser/o

serum

sider/o

iron

splen/o

spleen

thromb/o

blood clot

thym/o

thymus gland

-blast

embryonic cell

-globin

protein

-penia

decrease, deficiency

-phil

attraction for

-phylaxis

protection

-poiesis

formation, production

-stasis

standing still

aniso-

unequal, dissimilar

acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

Infectious disease caused the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) that destroys the CD4 (helper T) cells of the immune system to such an extent that the patient falls victim to infections that usually do not affect healthy individuals (opportunistic infections)

coagulation disorders

Any disruption or impairment in the ability to form blood clots or control bleeding

graft rejection

Process in which a recipient’s immune system identifies the transplanted graft as “foreign” and attacks or destroys it

graft-versus-host disease

Complication that occurs following a stem cell or bone marrow transplant in which the transplant produces antibodies against the recipient’s organs, commonly severely enough to cause death

hemoglobinopathy

Any disorder caused by abnormalities in the hemoglobin molecule

infectious mononucleosis

Acute infectious disease caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) that pri- marily affects young adults and children and causes fatigue, malaise, sore throat, and lymphadenopathy of the neck or armpits; also called mono and kissing disease

Kaposi sarcoma

Cancer caused by the human herpes virus 8 (HHV-8) that mainly affects the skin and mucous membranes but may also cause extensive visceral organ involvement; also called malignant neoplasm of soft tissue

lymphedema

Swelling, primarily in a single arm or leg, resulting from an accumulation of lymph within tissues caused by obstruction or disease in the lymph vessels

lymphoma

Any malignancy involving lymphocytes (B cells, T cells, or both) that commonly affects lymph nodes and other lymphatic tissue

multiple myeloma

Malignancy of the bone marrow that affects plasma cells, leading to proliferation of abnormal antibodies, destruction of healthy bone marrow cells, and weakening of bone tissue

sepsis

Presence of bacteria or their toxins in the blood; also called septicemia or blood poisoning

systemic lupus erythematosus

Widespread autoimmune disease that affects the skin, brain, kidneys, and joints and causes chronic inflammation; also called discoid lupus if symp- toms are limited to the skin

thrombocythemia

Overproduction of platelets, leading to thrombosis or bleeding disorders as a result of platelet malformations

antinuclear antibody

Test that identifies the antibodies that attack the nucleus of the individual’s own body cells (autoantibodies)

blood culture

Test to determine the presence of pathogens in the bloodstream

complete blood count

Series of tests that includes hemoglobin, hematocrit, red and white blood cell counts, platelet count, and differential (diff) count; also called hemogram

monospot

Nonspecific rapid serological test for the presence of the heterophile anti- body, which develops several days after infection by Epstein-Barr virus, the organism that causes infectious mononucleosis

partial thromboplastin time

Screening test for deficiencies in clotting factors by measuring the length of time it takes blood to clot; also called activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT)

prothrombin time

Test used to detect and diagnose bleeding disorders or excessive clotting disorders; also called pro time

bone marrow magnetic resonance imaging

Highly sensitive imaging procedure that detects lesions and changes in bone tissue and bone marrow, especially in diagnosing multiple myeloma

lymphangiography

Visualization of lymph channels and lymph nodes using a contrast medium to determine blockages or other pathologies of the lymphatic system

lymphoscintigraphy

Introduction of a radioactive tracer into the lymph channels to determine lymph flow, identify obstructions, and locate the sentinel node

bone marrow aspiration

Removal of bone marrow (usually from the pelvis) for microscopic exami- nation using a thin aspirating needle

bone marrow transplant

Infusion of healthy bone marrow stem cells after destroying the diseased bone marrow by chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or both and commonly used to treat leukemia, aplastic anemia, and certain cancers; also called stem cell transplant

lymphadenectomy

Removal of lymph nodes, especially in surgical procedures undertaken to remove malignant tissue, in an effort to control the spread of cancer

sentinel node excision

Removal of the first node (sentinel node) that receives drainage from cancer-containing areas and the one most likely to contain malignant cells

immunotherapy

Any form of treatment that alters, enhances, stimulates, or restores the body’s own natural immune mechanisms to treat diseases; also called biological therapy

transfusion

Infusion of blood or blood products from one person (donor) to another (recipient)

AB, Ab, ab

antibody, abortion

A, B, AB, O

blood types in ABO blood group

AIDS

acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

ANA

antinuclear antibody

APC

antigen-presenting cell

APTT

activated partial thromboplastin time

BMT

bone marrow transplant

CBC

complete blood count

CO2

carbon dioxide

DIC

disseminated intravascular coagulation

diff

differential count (WBCs)

DVT

deep vein thrombosis

EBV

Epstein-Barr virus

GVHD

graft-versus-host disease

Hb, Hgb

hemoglobin

HHV-8

human herpes virus 8

HIV

human immunodeficiency virus

HL

hodgkin lymphoma

Ig

immunoglobin

IVIG

intravenous immunoglobulin

KS

Kaposi sarcoma

MNL

mononuclear leukocytes

MRI

magnetic resonance imaging

NHL

non-Hodgkin lymphoma

NK cell

natural killer cell

O2

oxygen

PA

pernicious anemia

PCP

Pneumocystis pneumonia; primary care physician

PMN

polymorphonuclear

PMNL, poly

polymorphonuclear leukocyte

PT

prothrombin time

PTT

partial thromboplastin time

RA

right atrium; rheumatoid arthritis

RBC, rbc

red blood cell

SLE

systemic lupus erythematosus