umami

microsystem

interactions between a child and their immediate surroundings, including their caregivers

mesosystem

states all five ecological systems interact with each other

exosystem

indirect influences on a child's development

macrosystem

influences of culture on children

chronosystem

time changes on children

trust vs. mistrust

finding out whether the world can be trusted for providing children their needs

autonomy vs. shame & doubt

the ability to control one's own body(lots of refusal to activities)

initiative vs. guilt

questioning one's surroundings; feelings of guilt when scolded for asking questions

industry vs. inferiority

(beginning of formal education)feeling good when we excel; feeling anxious when not excelling

integrity vs. despair

a deep reflection on one's accomplishments and the satisfication with them; if there was invaluable accomplishments or little, despair could take over

implicit memories

unintentional memories; memories that one does not realize they have

explicit memories

conscious memories of facts or events one actively try to remember

unconditioned stimulus/unconditioned response

eliciting a natural and reflexive response

conditioned response/conditioned stimulus

a neutral stimulus that eventually became a conditioned stimulus when it has been associated with other stimuli

person/client-centered therapy

providing client with acceptance and support regardless of what a client says or does

applied behavior analysis

a therapist setting up systems of reinforcement to teach clients how to be successful

dialectial behavior therapy

focus on emotions more than thought patters

sensiroimotor stage

birth - two years old- developing object permenance

preoperational stage

two - seven years

• beginning of language

• egocentric

• pretend play

concrete operational stage

8 - 12 years

• concepts of conservation (objects stay the same even when shape change)

agreeableness

easy to get along with

conscientiousness

hard working

neuroticism (emotionalal stability)

consistency with mood

Id

unconscious feelings/immediate gratification

superego

differentiating between moral right and wrong

ego

mediator between id and superego; compromise

displacement

redirecting one's feelings toward another person or object

projection

believing feelings one has toward someone else are actually held by the other person and directed at oneself- he insists that she still cares for him

reaction formation

expressing the opposite of how one truly feels

regression

returning to an earlier but comforting form of behavior

rationalization

coming up with a beneficial result of an undesirable occurance

intellectualization

undertaking an academic, unemotional study of a topic

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sublimation

directing info and energy of someone toward a different goal

generativity vs. stagnation

ensuring that one is currently fulfilling what they want for their future; attempting to change identities if it is not on track

formal operational stage

12 - adulthood

• abstract reasoning-

• -e.g hypothetical thinking-

identity vs. role confusion

adolesence's attempt to finding their role in society by trying out new thingstend to think about themselves in imaginary audiences

intimacy vs. isolation

young adults

finding out how to balance work and relationships

prospective memory

memory for things you plan to do in the future

Semantic memory

knowledge of words, concepts, and facts

retrograde amnesia

inability to recall events that occurred before the traumatic event or injury

anterograde amnesia

inability to form new memories after a traumatic event or injury

retroactive interference

interference that occurs when new information prohibits the recall of previously learned information

proactive interference

interference that occurs when prior information inhibits the ability to remember new information.

babbling stage

7 momnths, experimenting with consonant sounds

holophrastic stage

11-18 months, few single words

two-word stage

around 2 years, two word sentences

telegraphic stage

around 2.5 years, expanding vocabulary and grammatical knowledge

multiple sclerosis

myelin sheath destruction, disruptions in nerve impulse conduction

central route to persuasion

uses facts, data, and logical arguments

peripheral route to persuasion

appeals to emotions

the halo effect

one trait about someone to think positively about them in other, unrelated aspects

scaffolding

gradual removal of assistance for mastery

acetylcholine

neurotransmitter, motor movement, arousal, attention, learning, and memory

GABA

neurotransmitter; calming body down

serotonin

neurotransmitter; mood

endorphins

respond to stress, pain, and pleasurable activities

self-efficacy

belief in one's ability to complete tasks

gratitude

ability to reflect on positive moments in life

law of effect

rewards to behaviors increases its frequency

self-actualizing tendency

humanism; we are motivated to reach our fullest potential

display rules

displaying emotions vary culture to culture

Animism

children believe non-living things are alive

glial cells

provide structural support to neurons, insulate them with myelin, and help remove waste products from neurons

Normative social influence

conform to a group to fit in

Social facilitation

increased performance infant of audience on well-practiced task

Groupthink

group members dismiss alternative positions in favor of a potentially poor decision

Arousal theory

too much anxiety/arousal can be distressful and detrimental across a wide range of performance domains

Drive-reduction theory

animals are motivated to reduce the need for basic survival stimuli such as food and water

bottom-up processing

parts to wholes

Top-down processing

using prior knowledge to interpret new info

Systematic desensitization

behavioral approach

Free association

psychodynamic approach

Psychotropic medication therapy

biological approach

Unconditional positive regard

humanistic approach

perceptual constancies

maintain the perception of an object even when the images of the object in the visual field change

apparent movement

multiple shapes may be perceived as moving together if they are presented one after the other within a short time span

cognitive appraisal

you think before you have an emotion

facial feedback hypothesis

facial expressions effect your emotions

dispositional attribution

explain behavior through inner traits