Mamm phys midterm 2

myopia

Olfactory

Nasal Epithelium → Brain

Optic

Retina → Brain

Occulomotor

Extrinsic Eye Muscle + Levator Palepebrae + Iris Contraction + Accomodation

Trochlear

Superior Oblique

Trigeminal (Dentist Nerve)

V1: Opthalm sensations (forehead, upper eyelid, nose bridge, cornea)
V2: Maxillary (Cheek, Upper Lip, Upper Teeth, palate)
V3: Mandible (Lower jaw, Lower lip, Lower Teeth, 2/3 of Tongue[pain/temp]) + Mastication (Masseter + Temporalis) + Ear

Abducen

Lateral rectus

Facial

2/3 anterior taste + prorioception + zygomatic + frontalis + occuli orbis & oris

Auditory

hearing + balance

Glossopharyngeal

Medulla Oblongata monitoring (CO2) + Swallowing[palate + hyoid + Pharyngeals] + Salivary gland + 1/3 taste

Vagus

Runs parasympathetic pathway + medulla oblongata monitoring (CO2) + GI Tract + Talking + Coughing + Swallow

Spinal Accessory

Trapezius

Hypoglossal

Tongue swallow + talk

Lacrimal Apparatus (Flow from eye to nose)

Lacrimal Gland → Lacrimal Duct → Lacrimal canal → Lacrimal Sac → Nasal Activity

Palepebar

Eyelids - Protect and Lubricate

Tarsal Gland

Prevent eyelid from sticking

Conjuctiva

Bulbar - Ontop of eye

Palepebar - Eyelid

Fibrous Tunic

Cornea + Sclera

Vascular Tunic

Choroid + Cilliary Body + Lens + Iris

Nervous Tunic

Retina + Central Retina Blood Vessel + Fovea + Optic Disc

Accomodation

Far away → Lens is pulled tight by Zonulary → Cilliary Body relaxes
Near → Lens is relaxed and balls up→ Cilliary body pull tight

Drainage of posterior and anterior chamber

Canal of Schlem

Every 90 Minutes

Posterior Chamber

Iris and Lens aqueous humor

Anterior Chamber

Cornea and Iris Aqeous Humor

Presbyopia

Lens grows more firm as you grow older → less able to see far sighted

Glaucoma

Build up of Occular Pressure → Blindness

Latisse

Grow eye lashes longer + help with glaucoma

Emmetropic

Normal

Myopia

Eye too long → near sighted → concave

Hypermetropic/hypermopia

Eye too small → Far Sighted → convex lens

Astigamatism

Cornea is wavy

Small Cone

420nm

Medium Cone

530nm

Large Cone

560nm

Physiology of vision

1) Rhodopsin is cleaved into retinol + opsin (Cis → Trans) SAME FOR PHOTOPSIN
2) Opsnin activate transducin
3) Transducin activates Phosphodiesterase
4) Phosphodiesterase cleave cGMP
5) Na+ gates closes
6) Hyperpolarization
7) Less glutamate
8) Bi polar
9) Ganglion

Rhodopsin

Retinol + Opsonin Color for Rods
Low levels of light → large light they get bleached photopsin take over

Photopsin

Color for Cones
High levels of light

On Bipolar (center illumination)

Light → activation

On Bipolar (Surround illumination)

Light → No activation

Off Bipolar (center illumination)

Light → No activation

Off Bipolar (surround illumination)

Light → Activation

Saccade

Eye jump from place to place to track

Pursuit

Eyes follow to track

Pathway for vision

1) Optic Nerve
2) Optic Chiasm
3) Optic tract
4) Lateral Geniculate Nucleus Thalmus
5) Optic Radiations
6) Primary Visual Area

Outer Ear

Auricle/Pinna → External Auditory Canal → Eardrum

Middle Ear

Ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes) + Tensor Tympani & Stapedius Muscle (prevent super loud sound damage) → Oval Window

Otitis Media

Infection of the middle ear, fluid won’t drain

Otosclerosis

Abnormal bone growth → stapes doesn’t vibrate as well

Perforated Eardrum

Hearing Loss

Inner Ear (Hearing)

Scala Vestibuli (top) [perilymph] + Cochlea [Endolymph] + Scala Tympani (bot) [perilymph]→ vibrations travel downwards + heliorectma → Round window

Organ of Corti

Hair cells rub against the tectorial membrane → depolarize/hyper-polarize depending on which direction it turns → Endolymph K+ travel down hair (varied sensitivity across the cochlea → determine frequency)

Tectorial membrane

Hair cells on the basilar membrane reach up and are attached to the tectorial membrane

Cristae Ampulla

Ampulla nerve is connected to various hair cells which are connected to the Cupula

Inner Ear (Dynamic Balance)

Hair cells on cristae ampula attach to cupula → When head moves, cupula and moves with head and moves against endolymph → this causes hair cells attached the cupula to bend against the endolymph → sent to ampulla nerve

Inner Ear (Static Balance)

Hair cells attach to otolithic membrane + Otoliths on top → hair cells depending on which way they bend tell body Fg

Otoliths

Bone fragments interact with Fg

Stenocilla + Kinocilla

Hair projections + Tallest hair project
(bend towards → polarization)
(bend against → hyper-polarization)

ON Bipolar cells (activated by what, inhibited by what)

Glutamate Inhibit

OFF Bipolar cells (activated by what, inhibited by what)

Glutamate activate

Nystagmus Reflex

COWs (Cold Opposite, Warm Same) → Direction eye drifts when cold/hot water put in ear

Auditory implant

People w/ little hair cells → Circumvent and directly stimulate the auditory nerve

Skeletal Muscle

Multinucleate
True syncytium
Striated
Tube-like
Tetanus

True syncytium

One cytoplasm contains many nucleus (formed by cell fusion)

Functional syncytium

Individual cells, but all work together through eletrical signals

Types of Skeletal Muscle

1) Type 1 Slow Twitch
2) Type 2A Fast Twitch Oxidative
3) Type 2B Fast Twitch Glycotic

Type 1 Slow Twitch

Skeletal Muscle
Slow
Fatigue Resistant
Red
Aerobic
Ex: Posture - back muscles

Type 2 Fast Twitch Oxidative

Skeletal Muscle
Fast
Fatigue Resistant
Red
Aerobic/Anaerobic
Ex: Running

Type 2 Fast Twitch Glycotic

Skeletal Muscle
Fast + Powerful
Fatigue FAST
White
Anaerobic
Ex: Sprinting

Cardiac Muscle

Individual Cells
Uni/Bi nucleated
Functional Syncytium (Gap Junctions + Intercalataed Discs)
Striated
Branch-like
no tetanus

Intercalated Discs

Connect cardiac muscle cells w/ each other

Types of Cardiac Muscle

Fast:
- Atrial
- Ventricle
Slow:
- Conduction System

Smooth Muscle

Spindle-Shaped Fiber
Individual Cells
Uni nucleate
Muscle of organs
Visceral and multi unit
no tetanus

MLCK

Myosin Light Chain Kinase
Smooth Muscle F(x): Calmodulin binds to MLCK to activate → MLCK phosphorylates Myosin to allow binding
Skeletal/Cardiac Muscle F(x): Helps the binding (fine tunes the force)

Myosin Head

Binds to the actin

Actin

Binding spot for the Myosin head to contract

Power Stroke

Myosin head contractions

Cross Bridge

Bridge formed between myosin and actin

Troponin

Removes Tropomyosin from the actin to allow myosin to bind to the actin

Tropomyosin

Blocks the actin binding area, prevents myosin from binding

AHMIZ (Sections of Sacromere)

A: Thick Region (doesn’t change size at all)
H: Thick Fibers only (during power stroke → H shrinks because actin slides inward (overlap)→ no longer space where just myosin)
M: Middle
I: Thin Region (during power stroke → I shrinks because actin slides inward (overlap)→ no longer space where just myosin)
Z: End terminal of the sacromere

Sacromere

Thick (myosin) +Thin filament (actin)

Treppe

Increasing power of contractions → wait for the one before it to fall to 0

Summation

Increasing power of contraction → one before it doesn’t fall to 0 (Summed together and get to even powerful stroke)

Incomplete Tetatnus

Wobbly line hovering around a value

Complete Tetanus

Straight line at a certain value

Fatigue

High contraction slowly dip and go to 0

Sarcoplasmic Hypertrophy

8+ reps 50%

Myofibril Hypertrophy

2-5 reps 80-90%

Thick Filament

Many Myosin

Thin Filament

Many Actin

Sarcomere

Thick + Thin Filament

Myofibril

Many Sarcomere

Muscle Fiber/Muscle cell

Many Myofibril

Fascicle

Many Muscle Fiber/Cells

Whole Muscle

many Fascicle

Seperations of muscle

Endomysium (Muscle Fiber)→ perimysium (fascicle)→ Epimysium (whole muscle)

Triad

T Tubule (sense change in env)+ 2x Terminal Cisterase (release ca+)

Right Heart

Pump deoxygenated blood to lungs

Left Heart

Pump oxygenated blood to the rest of the body

Right Heart Steps

1) Atrial collects deoxygenated blood from Superior/Inferior vena cava + Coronary Sinus
2) Tricupsid Valve opens
3) Blood drains from the Atrium into the Ventricle passively
4) Atrium Contracts
5) Tricupsid valve closes
6) Right Ventricle squeezes → Blood is ejected

Left Heart Steps

1) Atrial collects oxygenated blood from 4 pulmonary veins
2) Bicupsid(mitral) valve opens
3) Blood drains from the atrium to the ventricle passively
4) Atrium contracts
5) Bicupsid valve closes
6) Left Ventricle squeezes → Blood is efected into aorta + Coronary Vessels