HD 1.1b Moral & Language Development

Piaget, Lawrence Kohlberg, Vygotsky, Noam Chomsky, Language Development Milestones

According to Piaget, morality is coupled with cognitive development in two noticeably different stages,

Morality of constraint

Morality of cooperation

Morality of constraint is heteronomous/autonomous

Heteronomous

Morality of cooperation is heteronomous/autonomous

Autonomous

Piaget believed that young children ages 4-7 years are distinguished by morality of

Constraint

Children see their moral world through eyes of justice and rules, which are unchangeable

Morality of constraint

Children view each dilemma and consider consequences before making a moral decision

Morality of cooperation

Piaget believed that young children ages 10 years plus are distinguished by morality of

Morality of cooperation (age)

Level 1 of Kohlberg’s Developmental Stages of Moral Judgment is called

Preconventional

Age of Level 1 of Kohlberg’s Developmental Stages of Moral Judgment

4-10 years

Characteristics of Level 1 of Kohlberg’s Developmental Stages of Moral Judgment

Children obey because adults tell them to

Morality based on consequences

In preconventional, morality is judged based on

Consequences

Level 2 of Kohlberg’s Developmental Stages of Moral Judgment is called

Conventional

Age of Level 2 of Kohlberg’s Developmental Stages of Moral Judgment

10-13 years

Characteristics of Level 2 of Kohlberg’s Developmental Stages of Moral Judgment

Conventional level of morality

Most concerned about peer opinions - please and help others

Developing internal moral values

In conventional, morality is judged based on

Conventions

Level 3 of Kohlberg’s Developmental Stages of Moral Judgment is called

Postconventional

Age of Level 3 of Kohlberg’s Developmental Stages of Moral Judgment

13-adult

Characteristics of Level 3 of Kohlberg’s Developmental Stages of Moral Judgment

Abstract principles self-centered

Individual > authority

In postconventional, morality is judged based on

Abstract principles that are self-centered > authority

Lev Vygotsky theorized that thought development is determined by.

language

A student who is learning English as a second language must be competent in his primary native language before he can “think” or understand new concepts in another language

Demonstrates what concept?

To acquire knowledge, thought is a fundamental necessity

According to Vygotsky, the initial emergence of language and thought are separate from each other, until about age ____, when _____

Age 3, when the child goes from external to internal.

Private speech is also known as

Self-talk

The use of private speech helps children to

self-regulate through organizing, guiding, and controlling their behavior.

According to Vygotsky, _____ is responsible for all higher levels of mental functioning.

Private speech

Noam Chomsky states that language learning is ____.

innate

Chomsky believes that children are _____.

prewired to learn language

Chomsky believes that infants _______ so that they can intuitively understand grammar.

have a language acquisition device (LAD) built-in neurologically

Cooing (vowels), crying, babbling (phonemes)

Milestone for what age group?

Infants 0-12 mo

First words, simple monosyllabic words

Momma, bye bye

Milestone for what age group?

Toddlers 12-18 mo

First sentences (2-words), understand grammar but can’t use them

Milestone for what age group?

Toddlers 18-24 mo

Word errors: underextending word meanings

Commonly occurs in what age group?

Toddlers 18-24 mo

Children learn about 8-9 words per day at this age, typically having an average vocabulary of 1000 words.

Early childhood (3-4 yo)

At what age do children frequently ask “why” questions?

Early childhood (5-7 yo)

At what age do children generally begin to understand metaphor and syntax?

Early childhood (5-7 yo)

At what age can children typically use 4 to 5-word sentences, including declarative (“I am not sleepy”), interrogative (“Why can’t I go?”), and imperative (“Turn off the TV”) forms?

Early childhood (5-7 yo) - Language skills

Children at this age commonly use conjunctions, prepositions, and articles. What age group is this?

Early childhood (5-7 yo)

What common word error, such as over-regularizations of verbs (e.g., “She singed a song”), occurs in children at this age?

Early childhood (5-7 yo)

At what age do children typically have an average vocabulary of 2500 words and speak about 8000-14000 words?

Early childhood (5-7 yo)

At what age does children's speech begin to become more adult-like?

Early childhood (5-7 yo) - Speech

A form of language characterized by a higher pitch, exaggerated intonation, slower tempo, and simpler vocabulary, often used when speaking to babies.

Infant-directed speech

Rephrasing something a child has said, perhaps turning it into a question or correcting its grammar, while maintaining the child's original meaning.

Recasting

Repeating what a child has said, often to encourage them to continue speaking or to confirm understanding.

Echoing

Restating what the child has said in a more complex or grammatically correct form, adding new information.

Expanding

Identifying objects or actions in the child's environment by name, linking words to the things they represent.

Labeling

According to Vygotsky, ________ is necessary so that children can “______” another new language.

Primary language, “think about”

Educational Implications of Moral Development (Internalize)

Children internalize what is right and wrong based on basic values and sense of self

Educational Implications of Language Development

1. Teachers must be aware that the process of language development is ______, including _______, ________, and __________.

multifaceted, physical sounds, cognitive thought, social interactions

Educational Implications of Language Development

2. Teachers should recognize that language cognitively, linguistically, and emotionally begins at ____. _____ play an active role in teaching language to children. Adults teach language to children through infant-directed speech, recasting, echoing, expanding, and labeling

home, parents

infant-directed speech, recasting, echoing, expanding, and labeling