Industrial Revolution Test

5 Factors of UK Industrialization

1. Stable democracy, 2. Human resources/labor & new food from the Americas, 3. Access to raw materials, 4. Work ethic (Protestant views, predestination), 5. New technology (steamboat, locomotive).

Enclosure Movement

Wealthy landowners bought peasants' land to form enclosed fields. By the 1700s, machines replaced manual labor, forcing small farmers to move to cities.

Industrialization

The transition from human/animal power to steam power, handmade to machine-made goods, and rural to urban living.

Jethro Tull

Scientific farmer who invented the seed drill, boosting crop production by sowing seeds in rows at specific depths.

Crop rotation

An improved system replacing the three-field method by alternating crops each harvest to restore and utilize soil nutrients.

Robert Bakewell

Increased sheep meat production by selectively breeding the best sheep, significantly increasing their weight.

Factors of Production

Land, labor, and capital (money).

John Kay

Invented the flying shuttle, which doubled the daily output of a weaver.

James Hargreaves

Invented the "Spinning Jenny," allowing one spinner to work eight threads simultaneously.

Richard Arkwright

Invented the water frame powered by water or horses, speeding up yarn production using streams.

Samuel Crompton

Invented the spinning mule, combining the Spinning Jenny and water frame to create stronger, finer, and more consistent thread.

Eli Whitney

Invented the cotton gin, which quickly separated seeds from raw cotton and multiplied cotton processing efficiency.

Watt's Steam Engine

James Watt improved the steam engine to run faster and more efficiently while burning less fuel.

Robert Fulton

Built the "Clermont," a steamboat that transported passengers along the Hudson River and man-made waterways.

John McAdam

Developed "Macadam roads" using layers of stone for heavy carriage travel; private investors funded these turnpikes using tolls.

Richard Trevithick

Built the first steam locomotive, hauling 10 tons of iron over nearly 10 miles.

George Stephenson

Railway pioneer who created the first passenger railway line, spanning 27 miles.

Elizabeth Gaskell

Author of "Mary Barton," which portrayed an accurate, gritty depiction of urban working-class life.

Industrialization Living Conditions

Lack of sanitary codes, unpaved streets without drains, widespread disease (such as cholera from raw sewage), and overcrowded housing.

Industrialization Working Conditions

Very long hours, dangerous machinery causing frequent injuries, repetitive year-round work, hazardous coal mines, and low life expectancy.

Positive Effects of Industrialization

Created jobs, increased national wealth, fostered technological progress, boosted production of goods, and eventually led to healthier diets, cheaper goods, and better housing.

Factory Act (Manchester 1819)

Restricted working age and hours for children, though Manchester manufacturing heavily polluted the natural environment.

Upper Class (Capitalists) Jobs

Inventors, entrepreneurs, and large business owners.

Upper Class Description

Owned custom clothes and furniture, employed servants, enjoyed leisure, and were well-educated.

Upper Class Roles & Change

Funded business ventures; held power based on economic capital and productive capacity rather than noble birth alone.

Middle Class (Bourgeoisie) Jobs

Doctors, lawyers, managers, accountants, and engineers.

Middle Class Description

Educated, specialized workers who aspired to capitalistic success.

Middle Class Roles & Change

Provided essential professional services for urban society and consumed mass-produced factory goods. Middle-class women led social reform and suffrage movements.

Working Class (Proletariat) Jobs

Factory workers, miners, and domestic servants.

Working Class Description

Low-skilled, low-paid workers enduring poor living and dangerous working conditions.

Childhood (Middle Class)

Industrialization birthed the modern concept of childhood for the comfortable middle class; mothers stayed home, and children were educated rather than sent to work.

Adam Smith Values

Defended a free-market economy with zero government interference; outlined the 3 natural laws of economics: self-interest, competition, and supply & demand.

Thomas Malthus Values

Argued population grows faster than food supply; believed government aid to the poor, minimum wage, and better conditions would undermine societal wealth.

David Ricardo

Believed a permanent underclass would always remain poor; argued that in a free market, wages drop as the labor supply increases.

Utilitarianism

Theory by Jeremy Bentham stating government actions are only useful if they promote the greatest good for the greatest number of people; advocated individual freedom without state interference.

John Stuart Mill

1800s Utilitarian leader who fought against worker deprivation and starvation; advocated for cooperative agriculture, women's rights, and legal/prison reform.

Robert Owen

Utopian factory owner who created a model community at his cotton mill: banned labor for children under 10, improved working conditions, and provided cheap housing and free schooling.

Socialism

Economic system where factors of production are publicly owned and operated for social welfare; advocates state economic planning over free-market capitalism.

Karl Marx & Friedrich Engels

Authors of The Communist Manifesto; argued history is defined by class struggle between the wealthy owners (bourgeoisie) and exploited workers (proletariat).

Future According to Marx

Factories would drive small artisans out of business, concentrating wealth in a few hands; the proletariat would revolt, take over production, share profits, and eliminate social classes.

Communism

A form of complete socialism advocated by Karl Marx where all means of production are owned by the public, private property ceases to exist, and goods are shared based on need.

Unionization

Workers joined together in collective bargaining for better pay and safer conditions, threatening strikes if demands weren't met; skilled workers led the movement because they were harder to replace.

Reform Laws

Legislative acts passed to curb child labor abuses and limit working hours for women and children to 10 hours per day.

Abolition of Slavery

Movement led by Parliament member William Wilberforce; resulted in Great Britain abolishing slavery across its empire in 1833.

Fight for Women's Rights

Women organized for economic and political equality starting around 1848, founding the International Council for Women in 1888 to fight for suffrage and personal freedom.

Horace Mann

American reformer who grew up doing manual labor and advocated for free public education for all children.

Alexis de Tocqueville

French writer who contrasted the brutal, harsh conditions inside American prisons with the "extended liberty" of broader American society.