Unit 4 AP World History First Column

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Maritime technology/innovations

Tools like the compass, astrolabe, and caravel that enabled transoceanic exploration.

Henry the Navigator

Portuguese royal patron who funded early maritime exploration and navigational schools.

Vasco de Gama

Portuguese explorer who first reached India by sea around Africa.

Cartaz

Naval trade permit/tax imposed by Portuguese in the Indian Ocean.

Trading post empire

Empire based on controlling trade routes and ports rather than inland territories.

Ferdinand and Isabella

Spanish monarchs who unified Spain and funded Christopher Columbus's voyage.

Reconquista

Christian campaign to expel Muslims and Jews from the Iberian Peninsula.

Omani-European rivalry

Conflict between Omani and European forces for control of Indian Ocean trade.

Cash crops

Crops grown primarily for market sale and profit rather than local consumption.

Mercantilism

Economic system maximizing exports and wealth accumulation through colonial control.

Joint stock companies

Businesses owned by investors through shares to fund high-risk overseas trade.

Chartered companies

Corporations granted government monopolies and exclusive rights to trade and colonize.

Dutch East India Co. (VOC)

Dutch joint-stock company that monopolized the spice trade in Southeast Asia.

British East India Co.

English joint-stock company that dominated trade and eventually colonized India.

Manila galleons

Spanish ships that crossed the Pacific, linking Manila and Mexico in silver trade.

James Cook

British explorer who mapped Pacific islands, including Australia, New Zealand, and Hawaii.