CH.8 URINARY SYSTEM

The process through which the body maintains a constant internal environment

homeostasis

is the major waste product of protein metabolism.

urea

is a waste product of muscle metabolism.

creatinine

consists of two kidneys, two ureters, one bladder, and one urethra

urinary tract

The urinary tract is located in close proximity to the reproductive organs, so these two body systems are sometimes referred to together as the

genitourinary tract

constantly filter the blood to remove waste products and excess water

kidneys

means pertaining to the kidneys

renal

means behind the peritoneum, which is the membrane that lines the abdominal cavity.

retroperitoneal

is the outer region of the kidney. This layer of tissue contains more than one million microscopic units called nephrons.

renal cortex

outer portion of an organ

cortex

is the inner region of the kidney, and it contains most of the urine-collecting tubules

medulla

a small tube

tubule

are the microscopic functional units of each kidney. It is here that urine is produced through the processes of filtration, reabsorption, and secretion

nephrons

is the return to the blood of some of the substances that were removed during filtration

Reabsorption

a cluster of capillaries

glomerulus

What does each nephron contain?

a glomerulus and a renal tubule

Blood enters the kidneys through the ___ ____ and flows into the nephrons

renal artery

After passing through the filtration system of the glomerulus, the filtered blood containing protein and blood cells leaves the kidney and returns to the bloodstream through the

renal vein

is the funnel-shaped area inside each kidney that is surrounded by the renal cortex and medulla. This is where the newly formed urine from the nephrons collects before it flows into the ureters.

renal pelvis

are two narrow tubes, each about 10 to 12 inches long, which transport urine from the kidney to the bladder

ureters

which is a series of wave-like contractions, moves urine down each ureter to the bladder.

peristalsis

Urine drains from the ureters into the bladder through the

ureteral orifices

means opening

orifice

is an oval, hollow, muscular organ that is a reservoir for urine before it is excreted from the body

urinary bladder

Like the stomach, the bladder is lined with

rugae

is the tube extending from the bladder to the exterior of the body

urethra

These muscular rings control the flow of urine from the bladder into the urethra and out of the urethra through the urethral meatus

urinary sphincters

external opening of the urethra

urethral meatus

external opening of a canal

urinary meatus

also known as voiding or micturition, is the normal process of excreting urine.

urination

is a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the kidneys

nephrologist

is a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the urinary system of females and the genitourinary system of males

urologist

means any disease of the kidney

nephropathy

is kidney disease resulting from poorly controlled diabetes mellitus.

Diabetic nephropathy

also known as kidney failure, is the inability of one or both of the kidneys to perform their functions

Renal failure

is an elevation of the blood urea nitrogen (BUN) caused by a lack of blood flow to each kidney.

Azotemia

also known as uremic poisoning, is a toxic condition resulting from renal failure in which kidney function is compromised and urea and other waste products normally secreted in the urine are retained in the blood

uremia

has sudden onset and is characterized by uremia. It can be fatal if not reversed promptly. This condition can be caused by the kidneys not receiving enough blood to filter due to dehydration or a sudden drop in blood volume or blood pressure from injury, burns, or a severe infection.

Acute renal failure

(CKD) is the progressive loss of renal function over months or years. This common condition, which can be life-threatening, may result from diabetes mellitus, hypertension, or a family history of kidney disease.

Chronic kidney disease

(ESRD), also known as kidney failure, is the final stage of chronic kidney disease, and this condition is fatal unless the functions of the failed kidneys are replaced by dialysis, or with a successful kidney transplant.

End-stage renal disease

also known as nephrosis, is a group of conditions in which excessive amounts of protein are lost through the urine. This condition, which is usually caused by damage to the glomeruli, results in abnormally low levels of protein in the blood

Nephrotic syndrome

is excessive fluid accumulation in body tissues that can be symptomatic of nephrotic syndrome and other kidney diseases. This swelling can be in the area around the eyes, or in the legs and feet.

Edema

is the presence of abnormally high concentrations of protein in the urine

hyperproteinuria

is the presence of abnormally low concentrations of protein in the blood

hypoproteinemia

so called because the nephrons look normal under a regular microscope, is the most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in children

Minimal change disease

is a congenital condition in which one kidney is located in an abnormal position or has fused with the other kidney

ectopic kidney

is the dilation (swelling) of one or both kidneys. This condition can be caused by problems associated with the backing up of urine due to an obstruction such as a nephrolith (kidney stone) or a stricture (narrowing) in the ureter

hydronephrosis

is an inflammation of the kidney or kidneys

Nephritis

is a type of nephritis caused by inflammation of the glomeruli that causes red blood cells and proteins to leak into the urine

glomerulonephritis

also known as nephropyosis, is suppuration of the kidney and is often associated with hydronephrosis.

Pyonephrosis

means the formation of pus

Suppuration

is a genetic disorder characterized by the growth of numerous fluid-filled cysts in the kidneys

Polycystic kidney disease

is an acute pain in the kidney area that is caused by blockage during the passage of a nephrolith (kidney stone).

Renal colic

means spasms of pain in the abdomen

Renal colic

is the most common form of kidney cancer in adults. It can cause flank pain and blood in the urine, but is most commonly asymptomatic until the tumor has grown enough to impair kidney function

Renal cell carcinoma

also known as a nephroblastoma, is a rare type of malignant tumor of the kidney that occurs in young children. There is a high cure rate for this condition when treated promptly.

Wilms tumor

also known as calculus, is an abnormal mineral deposit that has formed within the body and is named for the organ or tissue where it is located

stone

describes the presence of stones in the kidney

nephrolithiasis

is a blockage that prevents the flow of urine in one part of the urinary tract

urinary tract obstruction

also known as a kidney stone or renal calculus, is found in the kidney

nephrolith

is a stone located anywhere along the ureter

ureterolith

is a stone located within the urinary bladder

cystolith

is the distention (swelling) of the ureter with urine that cannot flow because of a ureteral obstruction

Hydroureter

is a blockage of one or both ureters. It can be due to congenital abnormality, ureterolith, or other disorders

ureteral obstruction

is the discharge of blood from the ureter

ureterorrhagia

both mean pain in the bladder

Cystalgia or cystodynia

also known as a prolapsed bladder, is a hernia of the bladder through the vaginal wall

cystocele

is a chronic inflammation within the walls of the bladder. The symptoms of this condition are similar to those of cystitis; however, they do not respond to traditional treatment

interstitial cystitis

means relating to spaces within a tissue or organ.

interstitial

is the backward flow of urine into the ureters from the bladder

vesicoureteral reflux

is an abnormal opening between the bladder and vagina that allows constant involuntary flow of urine from the bladder into the vagina

vesicovaginal fistula

is a urinary problem caused by interference with the normal nerve pathways associated with urination

neurogenic bladder

is an enlargement of the prostate gland that most often occurs in men older than age 50

benign prostatic hyperplasia

is an increase in cell numbers typically associated with tumor growth; however, in this case, it is not caused by cancer or infection.

hyperplasia

is a disorder resulting from the compression or obstruction of the urethra due to benign prostatic hyperplasia

Prostatism

is one of the most common cancers among men. The disease can grow slowly with no symptoms, or it can grow aggressively and spread throughout the body.

Prostate cancer

is a group of disorders characterized by the inflammation of the prostate gland

prostatitis

the most common type of prostatitis, with no single known cause

chronic nonbacterial prostatitis

a prostatitis that usually results from bacteria transported in the urine

bacterial prostatitis

is bleeding from the urethra

urethrorrhagia

is an abnormal discharge from the urethra

urethrorrhea

is narrowing of the urethra

urethrostenosis, or urethral stricture

the congenital abnormality of the urethral opening. In the male with hypospadias, the urethral opening is on the underside of the penis; In the female with hypospadias, the urethra opens into the vagina

hypospadias

is a congenital abnormality of the urethral opening. In the male with epispadias, the urethral opening is located on the upper surface of the penis. In the female with epispadias, the urethral opening is in the region of the clitoris.

epispadias

(UTI) usually begins in the bladder; however, such an infection can affect all parts of the urinary system.

urinary tract infection

is a life-threatening systemic bacterial infection that can occur when a urinary tract infection spreads to the kidneys.

urosepsis

is cystitis that occurs two or more times in six months, or three or more times a year. This chronic bladder infection may require long-term daily antibiotic treatment.

recurrent urinary tract infection

is an inflammation of the bladder

cystitis

is an inflammation of both the renal pelvis and kidney

pyelonephritis

is an inflammation of the urethra

urethritis

is the absence of urine formation by the kidneys

anuria

is the increased output of urine

diuresis

is difficult or painful urination

dysuria

is the involuntary discharge of urine

enuresis

is urinary incontinence during sleep. also known as bed wetting

nocturnal enuresis

is frequent and excessive urination during the night

nocturia

means scanty urination

oliguria

excessuive urination and is a common symptom of diabetes

polyuria

is difficulty in starting a urinary stream. This condition is most common in older men with enlarged prostate glands.

urinary hesitancy

In younger people, the inability to uriate when another person is present

bashful bladder syndrome