BIOL212 Unit 5 Exam

Endoneurium

surrounds each nerve fiber

Perineurium

surrounds each fascicle

Epineurium

surrounds the entire nerve

Olfactory nerve

Roman numeral: I

Type: sensory

Function: from nose for smell

Optic nerve

Roman numeral: II

Type: sensory

Function: from eye for sight

Oculomotor nerve

Roman numeral: III

Type: Motor

Function: Somatic motor: movement of eye and proprioception

Autonomic motor: focusing, alter pupil size and proprioception

Trochlear nerve

Roman numeral: IV

Type: Motor

Function: movement of eyeballs and proprioception

Trigeminal nerve

Roman numeral: V

Type: Mixed

Function: Sensory: sensations from face and mouth and proprioception

Somatic motor: to face and mouth for chewing

Abducens Nerve

Roman numeral: VI

Type: Motor

Function: Somatic motor: to eye for eyeball movement and proprioception

Facial nerve

Roman numeral: VII

Type: Mixed

Function: sensory: taste and proprioception

somatic motor: to face and scalp for facial expressions

autonomic motor: secretion of saliva and tears

Vestibulocochlear nerve

Roman numeral: VIII

Type: Sensory

Function: from inner ear for hearing and equilibrium

Glossopharyngeal nerve

Roman numeral: IX

Type: Mixed

Function: sensory: taste and sensation

somatic motor: to tongue and throat for swallowing

autonomic motor: secretion of saliva

Vagus nerve

Roman numeral: X

Type: Mixed

Function: to lower throat and viscera

sensory: taste and sensation including proprioception

somatic motor: swallowing and speech

autonomic motor: muscle contraction in respiratory and digestive organs

Accessory nerve

Roman numeral: XI

Type: Motor

Function: somatic motor: to neck for head movement and proprioception

Hypoglossal nerve

Roman numeral: XII

Type: Motor

Function: somatic motor: to tongue for speech, swallowing, and proprioception

Names of spinal nerve divisions

cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal

How spinal nerves are named

Based off where they emerge for the spinal cord.

Number of spinal nerves in cervical nerves

8 pairs

Number of spinal nerves in thoracic nerves

12 pairs

Number of spinal nerves in lumbar nerves

5 pairs

Number of spinal nerves in sacral nerves

5 pairs

Number of spinal nerves in coccygeal nerves

1 pair

Type of nerve spinal nerves are

All mixed nerves

Number of spinal nerves

31 pairs

Anterior rami

Branch to form nerve plexuses

Plexus

contains fibers from several different spinal nerves

Cervical plexus

innervates head, neck, shoulder, and diaphragm

Phrenic nerve

innervates diaphragm

Brachial plexus

innervates upper limb

Musculocutaneous

innervates anterior arm and lateral forearm

Radial nerve

innervates posterior arm and forearm

Median nerve

innervates anterior arm and forearm

Ulnar nerve

innervates medial forearm and medial hand (funny bone)

Lumbar plexus

innervates lower abdominal wall, thigh, scrotum in males, and labia majora in females

Femoral nerves

innervates anterior thigh

Sacral plexus

innervates perineum, pelvis, buttocks, posterior thigh, leg, and foot

Sciatic nerve

innervates posterior thigh

Tibial nerve

posterior leg; sole of foot

Common fibular (peroneal) nerve

innervates knee, anterior, lateral leg, and top of foot.

Pudendal nerve

innervates perineum

Reflex

fast involuntary responses to changes in internal environment

Somatic reflexes

motor response involves skeletal muscles

Autonomic reflexes

motor response involves cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands

Reflex arc

specific reflex pathway involving sensory receptors, sensory neurons, integrating center, motor neurons, and effectors

Steps in simple reflex

1) sensory receptor 2) sensory neuron 3) integrating center 4) motor neuron 5) effector

Shingles

-infection of peripheral nervous system

- caused by herpes zoster virus (chicken pox virus)

- virus moves from posterior root ganglion, travels down sensory neuron of skin

Monosynaptic reflex arc

sensory neuron fires directly onto the motor neuron

Polysynaptic reflex arc

sensory neuron may fire onto a motor neuron as well as interneurons that fire onto other motor neurons

Stretch reflex

-Patellar or knee-jerk reaction

- monosynaptic

- stimulus= stretching of muscle

Flexor (withdrawal) reflex

- stimulus= pain

- polysynaptic

Optic chiasm

Intercostal nerves

General function of sympathetic nervous system

Prepare for fight-or-flight

General function of parasympathetic nervous system

At rest; salivation, lacrimation, urination, digestion, defecation, and erection.

Control of motor output in autonomic nervous system

involuntary

Control of motor output in somatic nervous system

voluntary

Motor neuron pathways of autonomic nervous system

2 neuron pathways; sympathetic: norepinephrine at effector and adrenal medulla activated; parasympathetic: acetylcholine

Motor neuron pathways of somatic nervous system

1 neuron pathway; neurotransmitter: acetylcholine

Effectors of the autonomic nervous system

smooth muscle, glands, and cardiac muscle

Effectors of the somatic nervous system

skeletal muscle

Influence of the sympathetic division on gastrointestinal tract organ

decrease motility stomach and intestines; contraction sphincters; inhibit digestive and excretory systems; blood glucose increase from storage in liver

Influence of the parasympathetic division on gastrointestinal tract organ

Increased motility stomach and intestines; relaxation of sphincters; stimulate glands.

Influence of the sympathetic division on heart

Increase rate, force contraction, and blood pressure

Influence of the parasympathetic division on heart

Decrease rate, force contraction, and blood pressure

Influence of the sympathetic division on eyes

Pupils dilate

Dual innervation

Most viscera receive nerve fibers from both parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions

Influence of the parasympathetic division on eyes

Pupils constrict

Influence of the sympathetic division on lungs

Dilate airways

Influence of the parasympathetic division on lungs

Constrict airways

Influence of the sympathetic division on urinary bladder

Relaxation muscular wall; contraction of sphincter

Influence of the parasympathetic division on urinary bladder

Contraction of muscular wall; relaxation of sphincter

Influence of the parasympathetic division on sex organs

Stimulates erection

Sensation

Detect stimulus

Perception

Interception of stimulus

Modality

type of sensation

How cerebral cortex can distinguish between modalities

sensory areas of the cerebral cortex process information from different modalities

General senses

temperature, pain, touch, pressure, vibration, proprioception

Special senses

smell, taste, vision, hearing, equilibrium

Process of sensation

sensory receptors transform sensory signals into neural signals

Nociceptors

sense body-damaging situations (pain)

Proprioceptors

sense body position

Chemoreceptors

sense changes in blood chemistry

Type of receptor for odor

Chemoreceptor

Type of receptor for hearing

Mechanoreceptor

Type of receptor for balance/ equilibrium

Mechanoreceptor

Type of receptor for taste

Chemoreceptor

Type of receptor for vision

Photoreceptor

Types of receptors that don’t adapt

nociceptors, chemoreceptors, proprioceptors

Function of pain

to warn of actual or potential tissue damage

Endorphin theory

-with pain, endorphins from brain

-reduce reaction to pain

- individuals vary in amount of endorphins and in receptors

Gate-control theory

conduction by pain and non-pain receptors

Analgesia

Pain relief; inability to feel pain

Aspirin and ibuprofen function

block formation of prostaglandins which stimulate nociceptors

Referred pain

when you have an injury in one area of your body but feel pain somewhere else.

Muscle spindles

-proprioceptors within skeletal muscle

- muscle cells and neuron dendrites

- increased action potentials during stretch

Learning

ability to acquire new information or skills

Memory

ability to store and recall information or skill

- involves anatomical and physiological changes in neurons and synapses within the brain

- involves association areas of cerebral cortex, hypothalamus, and parts of limbic system.

Cerebral palsy

motor disorder results in loss muscle control and coordination

Parkinson's disease

Progressive disorder of CNS causing tremors

Hydrocephaly

-Abnormal drainage from subarachnoid space in infant

- can cause brain damage