Hydrocarbons, Substituted Hydrocarbons, and Macromolecules

Vocabulary flashcards covering hydrocarbons, substituted hydrocarbons (alcohols, aldehydes, ketones), bonding suffixes, isomers, monomers, polymers, and biological macromolecules.

Monomers

Smaller molecules that are used to build polymers.

Polymers

Molecules that can be synthetic (made in a lab) or biological macromolecules, formed by joining monomers together.

Substituted Hydrocarbon

A hydrocarbon in which hydrogen atoms have been replaced with a functional group, such as a hydroxyl group or oxygen ($\text{OH}$ or $\text{O}$).

Isomers

Compounds that have the same chemical formula but different structural forms or structures.

Alcohol

A substituted hydrocarbon containing a hydroxyl group ($\text{OH}$), identified by the suffix $\text{-ol}$.

Aldehyde

A substituted hydrocarbon containing a double-bonded oxygen ($=\text{O}$) located at the end of the carbon chain, identified by the suffix $\text{-al}$.

Ketone

A substituted hydrocarbon containing a double-bonded oxygen ($=\text{O}$) located anywhere other than at the end of the carbon chain, identified by the suffix $\text{-one}$.

Hydrocarbon Bond Suffixes

Suffixes ordered alphabetically (A, E, Y) according to bond type: $\text{-ane}$ for single bonds, $\text{-ene}$ for double bonds, and $\text{-yne}$ for triple bonds.

Proteins

Biological macromolecules made of amino acids linked together (containing carboxyl and amine groups) that function in building muscle, skin, hair, and other structures.

Lipids

Biological macromolecules such as fats, oils, and cholesterol that serve as long-term energy sources and thermal insulation (such as whale blubber).

Carbohydrates

Biological macromolecules including starches and sugars that consist of glucose chains and provide most of the body's energy.

Nucleic Acids

One of the four primary classes of biological macromolecules alongside proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates.

Drop-'e' Naming Rule

The nomenclature rule where the terminal letter 'e' at the end of an alkane name (such as $\text{-ane}$) is dropped when adding a functional group suffix like $\text{-ol}$.