Hematology and Lymphatic System & Concepts: TTC. Flashcards | Quizlet

Purpose of Arteries

To carry oxygen-rich blood away from the heart to the body.

Purpose of Veins

To bring low-oxygen blood from the body back to the heart.

Three Layers of an Artery

Tunica intima, tunica media, and tunica adventitia.

Vein Structure vs. Artery

Veins lack thick smooth muscle layers and contain valves to prevent backflow.

Origin of All Blood Cells

Red bone marrow.

Four Components of Blood

Plasma ($55\%$), RBCs ($45\%$), WBCs ($<1\%$), and platelets ($<1\%$).

Lifespan of Red Blood Cells

Approximately $120\text{ days}$.

Erythropoietin (EPO)

Glycoprotein growth factor produced by kidneys that stimulates RBC production.

Universal Blood Donor

O negative, because it lacks A, B, and Rh antigens.

Universal Blood Recipient

AB positive, because it possesses A, B, and Rh antigens.

Prothrombin Time (PT)

Measures extrinsic clotting pathway; used to monitor Warfarin therapy.

Partial Thromboplastin Time (PTT)

Measures intrinsic clotting pathway; used to monitor Heparin therapy.

Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV)

Diagnostic value indicating the average size of red blood cells.

Low MCV Indication

Microcytic RBCs, typically caused by iron deficiency anemia.

High MCV Indication

Macrocytic RBCs, typically caused by pernicious anemia or B12 deficiency.

Sickle Cell Anemia Cause

Abnormal hemoglobin (HbS) causing RBCs to deform under low oxygen.

Hemophilia A Cause

Genetic clotting disorder caused by Factor VIII deficiency.

Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)

Disorder causing simultaneous excessive clotting and bleeding throughout the body.

Primary Polycythemia

Neoplastic bone marrow disorder causing overproduction of red blood cells.

Hodgkin Lymphoma Hallmark

Presence of Reed-Sternberg cells in lymph node biopsies.

Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma Characteristic

Involves multiple lymph nodes initially and primarily affects B lymphocytes.

Anaplasia

Loss of normal cellular differentiation and organization seen in cancer.

TNM Staging System

Cancer classification based on Tumor size, Node involvement, and Metastasis.

Carcinogenesis Stages

Initiation, promotion, dysplasia, and anaplasia.

Diagnostic Tumor Markers (PSA & CA 15-3)

PSA indicates prostate cancer; CA 15-3 indicates breast cancer.