mid term semester 1 US history

Columbian Exchange

Transfer of plants, animals, people, and diseases between Europe and the Americas.

Iroquois Confederacy

Alliance of six Native American nations.

Salutary Neglect

British policy of allowing colonies to largely govern themselves.

Intolerable Acts

Harsh British laws enacted to punish the American colonies.

Proclamation of 1763

British measure that stopped colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains.

Taxation without Representation

The imposition of taxes on colonists who lacked a voting voice in Parliament.

Marquis de Lafayette

French nobleman and military officer who helped America win independence.

Battle of Saratoga

American victory in 1777 that convinced France to enter the war as an ally.

Homespun Goods

Locally produced textiles and products made at home to boycott British imports.

Articles of Confederation

America's first framework of government featuring a weak central authority.

Great Compromise

Constitutional agreement that created a bicameral legislature with the Senate and House of Representatives.

Bill of Rights

The first ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution protecting fundamental individual freedoms.

Federalists

Group that supported ratification of the Constitution and favored a strong national government.

Anti-Federalists

Group that opposed a strong national government and demanded the addition of a Bill of Rights.

Hamilton's Financial Plan

Economic strategy that paid off national debts, established a national bank, and strengthened the economy.

Marbury v. Madison

1803 Supreme Court decision that established the principle of judicial review.

Monroe Doctrine

Foreign policy warning European powers not to interfere in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere.

War of 1812

Military conflict fought between the United States and Great Britain.

Manifest Destiny

Nineteenth-century belief that the United States was destined to expand westward to the Pacific Ocean.

Indian Removal Act

1830 law that authorized the forced relocation of Native Americans from their ancestral lands.

Tariff of 1816

Protective tax placed on foreign imports to defend growing American businesses from overseas competition.

First Industrial Revolution

Era of economic transition where mechanized machinery and factories replaced handmade manufacturing.

Temperance Movement

Social campaign organized to reduce or eliminate the consumption of alcoholic beverages.

Second Great Awakening

Widespread religious revival movement that spurred various moral and social reform efforts.

Seneca Falls Convention

Historic gathering in 1848 that launched the organized women's rights movement in the United States.

Nat Turner

Enslaved leader who orchestrated a major uprising of enslaved people in Virginia in 1831.

Universal White Male Suffrage

Expansion of democratic voting privileges to all adult white men regardless of property ownership.

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

Agreement that ended the Mexican-American War and ceded extensive northern territories to the United States.

Declaration of Sentiments

Foundational document drafted at Seneca Falls demanding equal social, civil, and legal rights for women.

Cotton Gin

Mechanical invention designed to rapidly separate cotton fibers from their seeds.